A note on the amino acid composition of the Turkey

1. The amino acid composition of the whole body protein of 28‐ and 56‐d‐old turkeys is reported.

2. There were some differences between the two ages; these could largely be reconciled by considering the likely differences in the proportion of feather protein.

3. The results were compared with similar values for the chicken and goose; overall there is a striking similarity, both in absolute concentrations and relative proportions of amino acids.     

Effects of human chorionic gonadotrophin and castration on plasma gonadal steroid hormones of the dog

An intramuscular injection of 500 I.U. of human chorionic gonadotrophin resulted in an increase of plasma testosterone and progesterone concentrations in the intact male dog, but had no effect on plasma 17B-estradiol concentration. Castration caused a rapid decrease in concentration of testosterone, progesterone, and 17B-estradiol, indicating that the tests were the major organs producing these hormones in the male dog.     

Effect of injecting amino acids into the egg on embryonic and subsequent growth in the domestic fowl

1. The growing embryo uses about 1% of the total protein available in the egg during the first week of incubation.

2. Injecting the growing embryo with amino acids equivalent to the amount of protein used resulted in higher weight of chicks at all stages up to 56 d.     

Insulin-secreting islet cell tumors: establishing a diagnosis and the clinical course for 25 dogs

Twenty-five dogs with insulin-secreting neoplasms of the pancreas were studied. The diagnosis in each case was determined by histologic evaluation of pancreatic tissue obtained at surgery. The breed distribution revealed that German Shepherd Dogs, Irish Setters, and Collies were most commonly represented. Physical examination, complete blood counts, serum biochemical analysis, and urinalysis were of little diagnostic value, aside from the finding of hypoglycemia in 21 of 25 dogs. Radiographs of the thorax and abdomen were noncontributory to the ultimate diagnosis. Prior to surgery, fasting immunoreactive insulin concentrations and blood glucose concentrations were studied. Insulin:glucose ratios, glucose:insulin ratios, and amended insulin:glucose ratios were determined from the insulin and glucose concentrations in a single blood sample in each of 28 trials. In addition, glucagon tolerance tests were performed on 12 dogs. The amended insulin:glucose ratios proved to be the most reliable for diagnosis. Pancreatic masses were evident at surgery in 23 of 25 dogs; the remaining 2 dogs had microscopic evidence of an islet cell tumor. Nineteen of the islet cell tumors were carcinomas and 6 were simply described as "islet cell tumors." The mean life expectancy after surgery was 12.3 months. Treatment for malignant islet cell tumours included frequent feeding glucocorticoids, and diazoxide.     

Epidemiology of leptospirosis in dairy farm workers in the Manawatu. Part II. A case-control study of high and low risk farms

Subsequent to a cross-sectional serological survey of Manawatu dairy farm workers, a case-control study was carried out to investigate the correlation between titres to leptospiral serovars in workers and those in cattle in their herds. A total of 52 herds was investigated, 25 of which were high risk where milkers had titres of 1:96 or greater, and 27 were case-controls where milkers had no detectable agglutinin titres at a minimum serum dilution of 1:24. The serological prevalence of titres to hardjo in cattle on high risk farms (76.5%) was significantly higher (P<0.05) than on the case-control farms (60.0%). The geometric mean titres of seropositive cattle on high risk farms were also significantly higher (P<0.01) than in the cattle from the case-control farms, especially in the younger cohorts. These findings suggest that there was active endemic hardjo infection in the two- to three-year-old cattle on the high risk farms. Titres to pomona were demonstrated in only 5.2% of the cattle from both types of farm. Workers with titres to pomona tended to be from farms on which stock, especially calves, were bought-in and pigs were kept. Conventional measures for protecting milkers from contact with infected urine appeared to be ineffective and it is concluded that prevention of leptospirosis in dairy farm workers can only be achieved by elimination of infection in the herd by vaccination of cattle.     

Chemical control of Botrytis cinerea and Sclerotinia sclerotiorum on dwarf snap beans

Two sprays of vinclozolin (0.5 kg a.i. ha^–1) or procymidone (0.5 kg a.i. ha^–1), the first at the beginning of flowering and the second two weeks later, gave the best control ofBotrytis cinerea on dwarf snap beans (Phaseolus vulgaris). Good results were also obtained with iprodione and with thiophanate-methyl. Vinclozolin and procymidone at the same program were the most active fungicides againstSclerotinia sclerotiorum. Treatments with the latter two fungicides resulted in increased yields of pods and had no influence on colour and quality of the pods. Residue levels were below the tolerances.Samenvatting Twee bespuitingen met vinchlozolin (0,5 kg a.i. ha^–1) of procymidon (0,5 kg a.i. ha^–1), de eerste in het stadium begin bloei en de tweede 14 dagen later tijdens de peulzetting, waren voldoende omB. cinerea in stamslabonen te bestrijden. Tevens werden goede resultaten verkregen met iprodion en thiofanaat-methyl. Vinchlozolin en procymidon gaven volgens hetzelfde schema toegepast ook de beste werking tegenS. sclerotiorum. Toepassingen van deze laatste twee fungiciden leverden een hogere peulopbrengst en hadden geen invloed op de kleur en de kwaliteit van de peulen. Het residugehalte in de peulen lag beneden de toelaatbare grens.This research was subsidized by the Instituut tot Aanmoediging van het Wetenschappelijk Onderzoek in Nijverheid en Landbouw (IWONL).     

Contribution to the taxonomy and pathogenicity of fungicolous Verticillium species. II. Pathogenicity

In recent years in the Netherlands a second mushroom species,Agaricus bitorquis, which prefers higher temperatures thanA. bisporus and is less susceptible to certain diseases, is often commercially grown.Verticillium fungicola var.fungicola, the causal agent of dry bubble, is responsible for considerable damage in crops ofA. bisporus. InA. bitorquis, however, dry bubble has hardly been noticed, but brown spots due toV. fungicola var.aleophilum resulted in inferior mushroom quality. The latter variety also caused brown spots ina. bisporus, but to a minor degree. In variety Les Miz 60 ofA. bisporus, however, it also induced fruit-body deformation in a way different from dry bubble. Verticillium psalliotae, isolated fromA. bitorquis in England, induced more confluent brown spots inA. bitorquis. In the netherlands, where moreA. bitorquis is grown than in other countries,V. psalliotae has not yet been encountered in crops ofA. bitorquis. V. psalliotae, which has a high temperature optimum for mycelial growth, likeV. fungicola var.aleophilum andA. bitorquis, did not infectA. bisporus in our trials.Artificial infection ofA. bisporus orA. bitorquis could not be accomplished with the following related and/or fungicolous fungi:Verticillium lamellicola, V. fungicola var.flavidum, V. biguttatum, Nectriopsis tubariicola, Acremonium crotocinigenum andAphanocladium album.Samenvatting Vooral in Nederland wordt sinds een aantal jaren naastAgaricus bisporus ook de warmteminnende champignonsoortAgaricus bitorquis geteeld, die minder vatbaar is voor bepaalde ziekten. TerwijlVerticillium fungicola varfungicola in de teelt vanA. bisporus droge mollen en daardoor veel schade veroorzaakt, komen in de teelt vanA. bitorquis geen droge mollen voor maar wel bruine vlekken, die tot kwaliteitsverlies en dus schade leiden. De vlekken bleken veroorzaakt te worden doorV. fungicola var.aleophilum. Deze schimmel veroorzaakte ook inA. bisporus bruine vlekken, hoewel in minder ernstige mate, maar in het ras Les Miz 60 vanA. bisporus bovendien misvormde champignons, die wel op droge mollen leken, maar daaraan niet gelijk waren.OokV. psalliotae, in Engeland geïsoleerd vanA. bitorquis met vlekken, veroorzaakte wat meer samenvloeiende, bruine vlekken inA. bitorquis. In Nederland, waar meerA. bitorquis geteeld wordt dan in andere landen, isV. psalliotae nog niet aangetroffen in teelten vanA. bitorquis. InA. bisporus kon geen kunstmatige infectie worden verkregen metV. psalliotae, die net alsV. fungicola var.aleophilum enA. bitorquis warmteminnend genoemd zou kunnen worden.Met de volgendeVerticillium-achtige of van paddestoelen geïsoleerde schimmels kon evenmin op kunstmatige wijze een infectie worden opgeroepen inA. bisporus ofA. bitorquis: Verticillium lamellicola, V. fungicola var.flavidum, V. biguttatum, Nectriopsis tubariicola, Acremonium crotocinigenum enAphanocladium album.