Generation of Airborne Particles from Horse Feeds Depending on Type and Processing

Among other factors (eg, bedding material, roughage), feed has an important effect on the airborne particle concentration in the stable air, in particular directly in the breathing zone of the horse during feeding. Therefore, this study was designed to analyze and compare the generation of different airborne particle fractions of diverse feed types and feed processing techniques under standardized laboratory conditions. Oats and barley as well as two commercially formulated ready-prepared pellets and two different commercially formulated ready-prepared mixes were analyzed. Oats were subjected to four different forms of processing (whole uncleaned, whole cleaned, rolled uncleaned, rolled cleaned), barley was subjected to steam flaking in addition to the same forms of processing as oats. In total, 13 feeds were analyzed. Airborne particle concentrations were detected online with a gravimetrically measuring analyzer that was equipped successively with different inlets to measure the particle fractions PM 1, PM 2.5, PM 10, and PM 20. The measurements were carried out in a closed chamber (1 × 1 × 1.5 m) including a bowl (diameter = 0.5 m), which simulated the trough. The sample inlet was situated at a height of 1.0 m above the bowl. Rolling oats and barley led to a significantly increased generation of the PM 20 fraction and a significantly decreased generation of the PM 2.5 fraction. The mechanical cleaning of oat and barley brings a clear decrease in dust generation from straights whether they are left whole or are rolled after cleaning. A considerable reduction in dust generation can be achieved if steam-flaked barley or commercially prepared feeds are used.     

Hyadaphis tataricae (Ajzenberg), ein neuer Schädling in Mitteleuropa anLonicera tatarica L. und einigen anderenLonicera-Ziersträuchern (Homoptera: Aphididae)

Zusammenfassung Hyadaphis tataricae (Ajzenberg), ein ernstzunehmender Schädling anLonicera tatarica L. und auf dem europäischen Kontinent nach Westen vordringend, wurde zuerst im Jahre 1935 aus Moskau beschrieben. Seit 1959 ist die Blattlaus aus Polen bekannt, und im Jahre 1962 wurde sie zum ersten Mal westlich der Oder festgestellt. Im Jahre 1964 wurde sie an vielen Stellen im Stadtgebiet von Berlin, wo sie in einigen Fällen schwere Schäden verursachte, und außerdem in Rostock gefunden. Durch den Befall werden die Spitzen der Zweige zu großen, herabhängenden, verzweigten Gallen umgebildet.H. tataricae ist eine nicht wirtswechselnde Art, denn nahezu alle oviparen Weibchen sind die Nachkommen von Ungeflügelten. AußerL. tatarica kann auchL. bella Zabel stark geschädigt werden. Einige andere Formen vonLonicera spp. werden in geringerem Ausmaß befallen.Lonicera xylosteum L. wurde frei von Befall gefunden.

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Summary Hyadaphis tataricae (Ajzenberg), a heavy pest ofLonicera tatarica L. and spreading westward on the European continent, has been originally described in 1935 from Moscow. Since 1959 the aphid is known from Poland, and in 1962 it was noted for the first time west of the Oder. In 1964 it was found in many sites in the township Berlin, causing there in some cases severe damages, and also at Rostock. By the attack the tips of the branches are deformed to big hanging down and ramified galls.H. tataricae is a nonmigrating species, for nearly all oviparous females are the offspring of apterae. BesidesL. tataricae alsoL. bella Zabel may be heavily damaged. Some other forms ofLonicera spp. are infested to a minor extend.Lonicera xylosteum L. was not found to be attacked by the species.

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Sommaire Hyadaphis tataricae (Ajzenberg), une espèce extrêmement nuisible surLonicera tatarica L. et se répandant sur le continent européen vers l'occident, a été décrite originallement de Moscou en 1935. Depuis 1959, ce puceron est connu de Pologne, et en 1962 il fut découvert pour la première fois à l'ouest de l'Oder. En 1964, il fut trouvé dans des lieux nombreux dans le territoire de Berlin, où il faisait naître en plusieurs cas de grands dégâts, et de plus à Rostock. Par cette attaque, les bouts des ramaux sont déformés en grandes galles ramifiées pendant en bas.H. tataricae est une espèce sans changement d'hôte, car presque toutes les femelles ovipares son les descendants d'aptères. OutreL. tatarica, L. bella Zabel peut être détérioré gravement. Plusieurs autres formes deLonicera spp. sont attaquées d'un moindre degré.Lonicera xylosteum L. n'a pas été trouvé attaqué par le puceron.

     

Time Costs to Digitize Print Agricultural Serial Publications

Time studies were conducted on the various steps in the digitization, quality control and ingestion into a DSpace institutional repository of Texas Agricultural Experiment Station Bulletins. The average time to scan each page was 0.92 minutes. The time to create Dublin Core metadata, assign NALT subject terms, and do item quality control of images was 20.48 minutes per item. PDF file creation was 16.4 minutes per item on average. The time to create a DSpace batch load for automated ingestion was 1.34 minutes. The time to do quality control checking on ingested items and publish the items was 2.03 minutes     

Application of a thermodynamic model to experiments on nonisothermal diffusion of moisture in wood

Summary Five series of nonisothermal diffusion experiments originally analyzed by two theoretical equations were reanalyzed using a model derived from irreversible thermodynamics.     

Gebietsfremde potenziell invasive Ackerunkräuter in Sachsen

Over the past few years, there have been repeated reports from the Crop Protection Service in the German state of Saxony of the local appearance of alien weed species, especially in eastern Saxony. Neophytes such as velvetleaf (Abutilon theophrasti), thorn apple (Datura stramonium), Canadian fleabane (Conyza canadenzis), and apple of fern (Nicandra physalodes) have been particularly conspicuous. During recent years in agricultural areas in warmer parts of Europe, some of these weeds have developed into problematic species. Triennial field investigations into the control of velvetleaf in sugar beet have shown that herbicides registered in Germany for the control of weed species are not sufficiently effective every year. Velvetleaf proved to be extremely resistant to the herbicide treatments already tested, and only in one trial year was it possible to control it effectively using triflusulfuron. Owing to inadequate control in sugar beet, the spread of Abutilon theophrasti in agricultural fields can not be ruled out in the future. The possible reasons for it being categorised as invasive are discussed in the following article. Monitoring of possible introduction pathways and appearance of potentially invasive alien species and suitable control measures might at least hinder their introduction, establishment, and spread in agricultural areas.     

Ultrasound-guided liver biopsy in birds

In this study, 30 pigeons (Columba livia forma domestica) and 30 quails (Coturnix coturnix) were used to evaluate the diagnostic practicability and relevance of an ultrasound-conducted liver biopsy. Their body weight ranged between 144 and 603g. Considering anatomical peculiarities, the lateral (pigeons) or ventro-median (quails) access was chosen. In the case of the pigeons, 29 (96.7%) biopsies proved clearly to be liver tissue, while in the case of the smaller quails, 19 (63.3%) samples could be clearly identified as liver tissue. All animals but one quail survived the intervention. The blood chemical parameters varied before and after the biopsy within the physiological range. These results show that ultrasound-guided liver biopsy in avian patients is generally possible and with strict indication and conscientious application can be considered as a relatively risk free and diagnostically sensible addition to liver diagnostic in birds. An aimed collection of focal hepatic alterations is conceivable depending on the size of the patient.     

Comparison of non-invasive cardiac output measurement by partial carbon dioxide rebreathing with the lithium dilution method in anesthetized dogs

Objective: To compare the partial CO₂ rebreathing method (non‐invasive cardiac output [NICO]) and the lithium dilution method (lithium dilution cardiac output [LiDCO]) for cardiac output (CO) measurement in anesthetized dogs. Design: Prospective study. Setting: College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida. Animals: Six adult dogs (weight range 22–25.4 kg). Interventions: All animals were instrumented for CO determinations using the LiDCO and NICO methods. Direct blood pressure, heart rate, arterial blood gases, end‐tidal isoflurane (ETI), and CO₂ concentrations were monitored throughout the study. CO was manipulated with dobutamine and isoflurane to allow for intermediate, low, and high CO determinations in that order using LiDCO and NICO. Measurements and main results: A 1.5% ETI produced the intermediate rate of CO, a constant‐rate infusion of dobutamine (1–4 μg/kg/min) and 1.1% ETI, the highest rate, and 2.5–3% ETI, the lowest rate. Measurements were obtained in duplicate or triplicate for the LiDCO and continuously for the NICO method after achieving a stable hemodynamic plane for at least 15 minutes at each level of CO, allowing 5 minutes between measurements. Forty‐seven comparisons were determined. The correlation coefficient (r) between the 2 methods was 0.888 for all determinations. The mean LiDCO and NICO from 47 measurements were 155.9±78.7 mL/kg/min (range, 49.6–303.2) and 146.6±62.9 mL/kg/min (50–290.3), respectively. The bias between LiDCO and NICO estimations was 9.3 (?60.7 to +79.4) mL/kg/min (mean and 95% confidence interval). The mean (mL/kg/min) of the differences of LiDCO–NICO was 1.11 × NICO. The relative error was 2.4±24.7%. As CO increased, the relative difference between the methods also increased. Conclusions: The NICO is a viable non‐invasive method for CO determination in the dog and compares well with the LiDCO.