Occupancy pattern of a long-horned beetle in a variegated forest landscape: linkages between tree quality and forest cover across spatial scales

Context

Interactions between landscape-scale processes and fine-grained habitat heterogeneity are usually invoked to explain species occupancy in fragmented landscapes. In variegated landscapes, however, organisms face continuous variation in micro-habitat features, which makes necessary to consider ecologically meaningful estimates of habitat quality at different spatial scales.

Objectives

We evaluated the spatial scales at which forest cover and tree quality make the greatest contribution to the occupancy of the long-horned beetle Microplophorus magellanicus (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae) in a variegated forest landscape.

Methods

We used averaged data of tree quality (as derived from remote sensing estimates of the decay stage of single trees) and spatially independent pheromone-baited traps to model the occurrence probability as a function of multiple cross-scale combinations between forest cover and tree quality (with scales ranging between 50 and 400 m).

Results

Model support and performance increased monotonically with the increasing scale at which tree quality was measured. Forest cover was not significant, and did not exhibit scale-specific effects on the occurrence probability of M. magellanicus. The interactive effect between tree quality and forest cover was stronger than the independent (additive) effects of tree quality and particularly forest cover. Significant interactions included tree quality measured at spatial scales ≥200 m, but cross-scale interactions occurred only in four of the seven best-supported models.

Conclusions

M. magellanicus respond to the high-quality trees available in the landscape rather than to the amount of forest per se. Conservation of viable metapopulations of M. magellanicus should consider the quality of trees at spatial scales >200 m.

     

Landscape dynamics of floral resources affect the supply of a biodiversity-dependent cultural ecosystem service

Context

Cultural ecosystem services, many of which depend on biodiversity, are recognized as important but seldom quantified biophysically across landscapes. Furthermore, many ecosystem service models are static, and the supply of cultural ecosystem services may be misrepresented if seasonal shifts in biotic communities are ignored.

Objectives

We modeled landscape dynamics of wildflower blooms in a temperate montane landscape to determine (1) how floral resources (wildflower species richness, abundance, timing, and presence of charismatic species) changed over the growing season, (2) how projected wildflower viewing hotspots varied over space and time, and (3) how spatial shifts in floral resources affected potential public access to wildflower viewing.

Methods

Data were collected at 63 sites across a rural-to-urban gradient in the Southern Appalachian Mountains (USA). Generalized linear models were used to identify factors affecting floral resources at two temporal scales. Floral resources were projected across the landscape and hotspots of wildflower viewing were quantified using overlay analysis.

Results

Floral resources were affected by topoedaphic conditions, climate, and surrounding building density and changed seasonally. Seasonal models revealed locational shifts in ecosystem service hotspots, which changed the proportion of hotspots accessible to the public and identified wildflower-viewing opportunities unnoticed by static models.

Conclusion

Relationships between landscape gradients, biodiversity, and ecosystem service supply varied seasonally, and our models identified cultural ecosystem service hotspots otherwise obscured by simple proxies. Landscape models of biodiversity-based cultural ecosystem services should include seasonal dynamics of biotic communities to avoid under- or over-emphasizing the importance of particular locations in ecosystem service assessments.

     

供钾水平对小白菜同化物及钾素分配的影响

以"苏州青"和"矮脚黄"2个小白菜品种为试材,采用室内模拟砂培培养法,研究了供钾水平(0.0、2.5、5.0、7.5、10.0mmol·L~(-1))对其根、叶柄和叶片同化物及钾素分配的影响,以期为采用钾高效利用技术提高小白菜产投比的钾营养诊断相关研究奠定基础。结果表明:供钾水平对小白菜生物量的影响随其生育期的延长而增大。其中,"苏州青"的同化物分配对供钾水平的响应较"矮脚黄"相对敏感,其可食部分生物量(地上部生物量、产量)最大时的供钾水平相对低于"矮脚黄",而植株不同部位钾含量最高时的供钾水平却相对高于"矮脚黄"。小白菜植株不同部位钾含量的高低顺序依次为叶柄、叶片和根系,且不同部位钾含量最高时所需要的外源供钾水平及钾在小白菜植株不同部位的分配百分比均表现为叶片叶柄根系,说明小白菜植株不同部位对供钾水平的敏感性存在明显差异。适宜的供钾水平可能通过协调同化物在植株不同部位的分配,并维持分配比例的稳定性,达到促进小白菜生长的效果。与正常供钾水平比,供试的2个品种小白菜对过量钾的响应也存在一定的差异:分别通过明显降低"苏州青"的根系钾含量及矮脚黄的根系同化物的分配,而减少了钾在其各自根系中的分配。缺钾通过降低同化物,特别是钾在小白菜叶柄中的分配而明显增加了其向叶片和根系的分配,进而提高了小白菜的根冠比。随着供钾水平的升高,只有叶柄的同化物和钾分配的百分比均有所升高,且以钾分配百分比的升高幅度远大于同化物。综上所述,叶柄钾含量和叶柄钾分配百分比对小白菜钾营养状况存在较好的指示作用。     

Electroneutral cornstarch by quaternization and sulfosuccinylation to improve the adhesion of cold starch paste to raw cotton for low-temperature sizing

The objective of this research was to survey the effects of starch quaternization and sulfosuccinylation on the adhesion of cold starch paste to raw cotton fibers for cotton warp sizing at low temperature. Acid-thinned cornstarch (ATS) was quaternized and then sulfosuccinylated to introduce 3-(trimethylammonium chloride)-2-hydroxypropyl and sulfosuccinate substituents onto its backbones. The electroneutrality of starch samples prepared was achieved by maintaining a constant mole ratio (5.3:1) of the two substituents. A series of electroneutral cornstarch (ECS) samples with different levels of the substituents were derived by altering the feed ratio of the modifying reagents to starch for determining desirable level of starch modification. Adverse influences of cotton wax and starch retrogradation on the adhesion of cold starch paste to raw cotton fibers were evaluated to illustrate the effectiveness of starch quaternization and sulfosuccinylation. It was found that the modification was able to alleviate the adverse influence of starch retrogradation and ameliorate the adhesion to the fibers at low temperature. Higher level of the modification led to less retrogradation and resulted in strong adhesion. Furthermore, the adverse influence of cotton wax on the adhesion could be eliminated after a pre-wetting treatment of raw cotton warps with hot water. The adhesion of ECS paste to raw cotton at 60 °C was statically the same as that of ATS at 95 °C when total DS of ECS was 0.0443 or higher.     

Synthesis and characterization of a novel charring agent and its application in intumescent flame retardant polyethylene system

A novel charring agent poly(pentaerythritol spirocyclic phosphorusoxy spirocyclic diethanolamine borate) (PPSPSDB) was synthesized successfully with diethanolamine borate (DEAB) and spirocyclic pentaerythritol bisphosphorate disphosphoryl chloride (SPDPC), which was combined with ammonium polyphosphate (APP) to endow linear low-density polyethylene (LLDPE) with flame retardance. The structure of PPSPSDB was characterized by FTIR and 1H-NMR. The study of thermal stability of various LLDPE composites showed that PPSPSDB/APP system could effectively improve the thermal degradation and thermal-oxidative stability of the char residues, and PE3 containing 30 wt% APP/ PPSPSDB with a 2 weight ratio left the highest amount of char residue at 800 oC. The results of flammability revealed that PE3 had the best combination property; the limited oxygen index value was 29.6, and vertical burning reached UL-94 V-0 rating, and the tensile strength and notched impact strength were 11.853 MPa and 28.8 kJ/m2 respectively. The investigation of structure and morphology of char residue indicated that the compact foaming char layer, as a good barrier against the transmission of heat and volatiles, was formed for PE3 during combustion.     

日粮色氨酸水平对仔猪生产性能和血液生化指标影响的研究

在赖氨酸/蛋氨酸+胱氨酸/苏氨酸/异亮氨酸比例为100:68:65:59的玉米—玉米蛋白粉基础日粮中,添加合成的 L-色氨酸构成5种色氨酸(TRP)水平的日粮(TRP 水平分别为0.125%、0.155%、0.180%、0.215%和0.24%)。将35头太湖母猪与长白公猪的杂交仔猪在35日龄断奶时,随机分为5组,分别饲喂上述为同 TRP 水平的日粮,饲养期长达30天。结果表明,日粮(TRP)水平显著影响仔猪的日均耗料量(ADFI)、日均增重(ADG)和饲料转化率(FCR)。TRP 水平为0.215%时,仔猪生长性能最好。TRP 水平为0.24%时仔猪的生长性能与0.215%时差异不显著(P>0.05)。TRP 水平在0.125%～0.215%范围内,仔猪 ADG、ADFI 与 TRP 水平呈正相关,回归方程分别为:ADG(g)=2.57 TRP(mg/kg)-80.21,(r=0.99,P<0.01);ADFI(g)=2.49 TRP(mg/kg)+220.31,(r=0.95,P>0.05);FCR 与日粮 TRP 水平呈显著负相关,回归方程为:FCR=2.877-5.668 TRP(%),(r=0.945,P<0.01).血清尿素氮(SUN)含量与日粮 TRP 水平呈负相关,回归方程为 SUN=19.47-34.35TRP(%),(r=0.95,P<0.05)。从仔猪生长性能和 SUN 两项指标确定 TRP 在理想氨基酸模式中的相应值分别为18和20。在 TRP 水平0.125%～0.215%范围内,血清碱性磷酸酶活性与 TRP 水平呈现正相关,在0.215%时最高;TRP 水平在0.24%时与0.215%时差异不显著(P>0.05)。日粮 TRP 水平对血清谷丙转氨酶(GPT)和谷草转氨酶(GOT)活性无显著影响(P>0.05)。日粮 TRP 水平对血清总蛋白含量无显著影响,而血清蛋白含量随 TRP 水平升高而增加,在0.215%时最高。血清蛋白质系数(A/G)在各 TRP 水平间有显著差异(P<0.05),日粮中 TRP 含量在0.125%时,A/G显著降低(P<0.05),A/G 在 TRP 水平为0.215%时最高,TRP 在0.125%～0.215%之间,A/G 呈现线性递增,回归方程为:A/G=9.34TRP(%)+0.956,r=0.98,P<0.05),而 TRP 水平为0.24%与0.215%的两组 A/G 无显著差异(P>0.05)。     

2对连锁杂合基因在分离重组中的熵变规律

用离散线性系统建立同一连锁群2对杂合基因自交群体分离重组中的熵变模型。结果表明,各代的熵与交换率有关;单基因杂合型的比例在F1到F2有一个增长过程,以后逐代递减,最终趋于0;群体最终留下的4种纯合基因型的比例与交换率有关;自交群体的逐代熵变规律与随机交配群体的不一致,自交群体最大变异发生在F3而不是F2。     

提取剂及提取部位对兔防御素提取效果的影响

腹腔注射大肠杆菌刺激成年健康塔里木免(Lepus yarkandensis)和家兔(L.capensis),取腹水和圆小囊组织,经沸水浴处理后,分别以10倍体积的1 mL/L的乙酸或50 mmol/L Tris-HCl为提取剂提取防御素,提取液用Sephadex G-50凝胶柱过滤层析,产物经茚三酮染色鉴定,并用Folin-酚试剂法检测防御素含量.结果表明获得了纯化的兔防御素,其中以Tris-HCl为提取剂,从塔里木兔圆小囊中提取所得防御素含量最高.     

脱皮花生仁出口贸易和脱皮、贮藏技术现状与展望

概述了我国出口脱皮花生仁的生产贸易及脱皮、贮藏技术现状,花生产业发展中存在的问题,并对脱皮花生仁出口产业作了展望。     

原料和热解温度对生物油分子蒸馏分离特性的影响

针对生物油组分复杂,难以直接应用的问题,该研究开展了不同生物油的分子蒸馏馏分分布规律的研究,并考察了不同原料和温度对生物油分子蒸馏分离特性的影响。热解液化试验结果表明,生物油组分以酸、醛、酮、酚、糖为主。随着热解温度的升高,松木生物油中轻质组分产率由21%不断降低至11%,而秸秆生物油中轻质组分产率稳定在20%左右。高温生物油各组分的平均分子自由程两极化程度加强,600℃制备轻质油蒸出比例最高,可以达到92%（松木）和86%（秸秆）。酚类化合物中酚羟基的数量可以显著影响其分离特性,较高的热解温度促进了酚羟基的产生,从而使酚类物质从蒸出部分（distillation fraction, DF）向残留部分（residual fraction, RF）中转移。分子蒸馏技术能够实现对不同生物油的有效分离,得到的DF中主要包含酸、酮和小分子酚类,RF则以糖和大分子酚为主,除了羟乙醛和苯并呋喃等化合物外,生物油中的大部分化合物的富集程度都可以达到90%以上。该研究可为快速热解生物油的分离及其后续提质研究提供一定的参考。