Effect of Foliar GA3 and ABA Applications on Reactive Oxygen Metabolism in Black Currants (Ribes nigrum L.) During Bud Para-dormancy and Secondary Bud Burst

The secondary bud burst can cause around 10％-20％ yield losses in black currants, an economically important crop in parts of Europe, Asia and North America. The ...     

黄河小浪底库区不同人工林水土保持效益研究

采用空间代替时间的方法,通过对黄河小浪底库区不同人工林水土保持效益浅要分析,结果表明:最大吸水率为刺槐>侧柏>20多年生栓皮栎>40多年生栓皮栎,凋落物储量和最大持水量均为20多年生栓皮栎>40多年生栓皮栎>侧柏>刺槐;土壤渗透性能和贮水性能变化较为复杂,侧柏林地的渗透性和贮水性能较其它林地好些,刺槐林地上下层之间变化最大。     

基于价值链理论的高校人才培养探析

把价值链管理理论引入高校人才培养,对高校人才培养活动进行价值链分析,并据此提出一些设想。     

根茎类作物单摆铲栅收获装置渐变抛掷特性

单摆铲栅是基于变幅变向振动技术研发的铲栅一体收获装置。为明确单摆铲栅工作特性及抛掷分离作业机理,该研究在运动学及动力学分析基础上建立了铲栅工作面抛掷系数解析方程,铲栅工作面各点抛掷系数随工作长度逐渐增大且具有明显的渐变抛掷特性和较强的抛掷能力,分离区最大抛掷系数达9.98～19.72;建立了单摆铲栅EDEM-MBD耦合仿真模型,以振幅、振动频率、前进速度为因素开展单因素仿真试验,试验结果表明：受工作面抛掷特性及土壤粘塑性影响,牵引阻力、驱动转矩具有明显的强弱周期,在强周期内：单摆铲栅与土壤互作力较大,分离间距最大值发生在该周期切削行程终点时刻分离区中点处;振幅为7～11 mm时,牵引阻力均值约1 580.93～2 019.9 N、最大驱动转矩约224.04～322.11 、最大分离间距约59.58～98.3 mm;振动频率为6.67～10.67 Hz时,牵引阻力均值约1 416.43～1 866.38 N、最大驱动转矩约315.28～364.19 、最大分离间距约78.43～94.67 mm;前进速度为0.2～0.4 m/s时,牵引阻力均值约1 429.43～2 110.48 N、最大驱动转矩约241.27～387.78 、最大分离间距约62.5～102.5 mm。甘草收获试验结果表明：甘草收获机牵引阻力32.17 kN、驱动转矩802.02 、挖掘深度468 mm时,收净率为96.42%,单摆铲栅作业过程流畅有序,渐变抛掷作用明显,根茎土壤分离效果良好。该研究结果可为根茎作物特别是深根茎作物节能高效收获提供参考。     

基于生命周期评价的现代"草-羊-田"农牧循环系统调控

现代循环农业是实现农业绿色发展、推进乡村全面振兴的重要途径。但以农户经验构建而成的传统循环农业系统多缺乏精确的数据支持与参数匹配,使得系统的高效循环运行面临挑战。因此,本研究在数据采集与跟踪调研的基础上,采用生命周期评价对现代"草-羊-田"农牧循环系统进行实证研究,通过特征化、标准化与加权评估分析不同类别潜在环境影响,并计算系统模拟调控前后污染降级所需环境服务能。结果表明,饲料加工与湖羊养殖亚系统所产生的各类潜在环境影响都超过了其类别总影响的85%,远高于粮食种植和有机堆肥亚系统的;人体毒性和水体生态毒性在各亚系统中所产生的环境影响都较大,而陆地生态毒性的均最小。为实现污染降级每年所需空气、水体和土壤的环境服务能分别为7.42×1010、6.03×1016和1.59×1012J;通过耦合参数协调和关键技术优化对系统进行模拟调控,经测算与原系统相比每年所需各项环境服务能分别降低52%、44%和21%。该研究基于生命周期评价形成的适用于现代"草-羊-田"农牧循环系统并指导其整体调控的方法体系,对现代农牧循环系统的可持续发展与复制推广具有指导意义,同时可为其他现代循环农业系统的优化调整提供方法参考。     

Microbial remediation of a pentachloronitrobenzene-contaminated soil under Panax notoginseng: A field experiment

Pentachloronitrobenzene (PCNB) is an organochlorine fungicide that is mainly used in the prevention and control of diseases in crop seedlings. Microbial removal is used as a promising method for in-situ removal of many organic pesticides and pesticide residues. A short-term field experiment (1 year) was conducted to explore the potential role of a PCNB-degrading bacterial isolate, Cupriavidus sp. YNS-85, in the remediation of a PCNB-contaminated soil on which Panax notoginseng was grown. The following three treatments were used:i) control soil amended with wheat bran but without YNS-85, ii) soil with 0.15 kg m^-2 of solid bacterial inoculum (A), and iii) soil with 0.30 kg m^-2 of solid bacterial inoculum (B). The removal of soil PCNB during the microbial remediation was monitored using gas chromatography. Soil catalase and fluorescein diacetate (FDA) esterase activities were determined using spectrophotometry. In addition, cultivable bacteria, fungi, and actinomycetes were counted by plating serial dilutions, and the microbial biodiversity of the soil was analyzed using BIOLOG. After 1 year of in-situ remediation, the soil PCNB concentrations decreased significantly by 50.3% and 74.2% in treatments A and B, respectively, when compared with the uninoculated control. The soil catalase activity decreased in the presence of the bacterial isolate, the FDA esterase activity decreased in treatment A, but increased in treatment B. No significant changes in plant biomass, diversity of the soil microbial community, or physicochemical properties of the soil were observed between the control and inoculated groups (P<0.05). The results indicate that Cupriavidus sp. YNS-85 is a potential candidate for the remediation of PCNB-contaminated soils under P. notoginseng.     

黄麻土工布覆盖对花岗岩红壤表土坡面侵蚀特性的影响

[目的]探究黄麻土工布覆盖条件下花岗岩红壤表土坡面侵蚀特性,为花岗岩红壤区坡面土壤侵蚀防治提供科学依据。[方法]通过室内模拟降雨试验,在2个坡度(5°和15°坡度)、3种密度(无覆盖,6 cm×6 cm及3 cm×3 cm网格)的黄麻土工布覆盖条件下,研究极端降雨条件下(90 mm/h)花岗岩红壤表土的坡面侵蚀特性,并观测径流系数、土壤侵蚀速率、泥沙颗粒变化规律及富集率等指标。[结果]坡面径流随降雨历时增加而增加,土壤侵蚀速率则相反,表明侵蚀过程是一个分离受限的过程。和对照组相比,黄麻土工布覆盖在不同试验条件下都具有明显的减流减沙作用。另外,由侵蚀泥沙的粒径分选规律可知,坡面土壤中的黏粒和粉粒大小的颗粒倾向于被优先选择性搬运,其结果致使坡面石英粗颗粒富集,在缓坡(5°)与高密度黄麻土工布覆盖条件下(3 cm×3 cm网格)尤为突出。坡面石英粗颗粒随降雨历时增加不断富集进一步增加了原位坡面的侵蚀抗性,产生了土壤侵蚀速率随降雨历时不断降低的现象。[结论]高密度黄麻土工布的覆盖能够有效地减流减沙,增加原位坡面抗蚀性,是一种有效的水土保持措施,在今后的土壤侵蚀防治和劣地恢复工作中应该被重视。     

Hydroxycinnamoylmalic acids and their methyl esters from pear (Pyrus pyrifolia Nakai) fruit peel

Two novel caffeoylmalic acid methyl esters, 2-O-(trans-caffeoyl)malic acid 1-methyl ester (6) and 2-O-(trans-caffeoyl)malic acid 4-methyl ester (7), were isolated from pear (Pyrus pyrifolia Nakai cv. Chuhwangbae) fruit peels. In addition, 5 known hydroxycinnamoylmalic acids and their methyl esters were identified: 2-O-(trans-coumaroyl)malic acid (1), 2-O-(cis-coumaroyl)malic acid (2), 2-O-(cis-coumaroyl)malic acid 1-methyl ester (3), 2-O-(trans-coumaroyl)malic acid 1-methyl ester (4), and 2-O-(trans-caffeoyl)malic acid (phaselic acid, 5). The chemical structures of these compounds were determined by spectroscopic data from ESI MS and NMR. Of all the isolated compounds, five hydroxycinnamoylmalic acids and their methyl esters (2-4, 6, 7) were identified in the pear for the first time.     

Chemical Composition Change in TSP Due to Dust Storm at Gosan, Korea: Do the Concentrations of Anthropogenic Species Increase Due to Dust Storm?

Aerosol composition change between dust storm and non-dust storm periods in spring is studied using the total suspended particle data measured at Gosan, a background area in Korea. The concentrations of eight inorganic ions and 12 elements were analyzed for the TSP samples collected from March 1992 to May 2006. Two-step statistical analyses were carried out for the data: F test and t test. The concentrations of anthropogenic ionic species showed increasing trend since 2003. The absolute concentrations of most anthropogenic species such as sulfate or nitrate increased (from 7.33 to 9.25 µg m^?3 and from 2.04 to 4.84 µg m^?3, respectively) during the dust storm period. However, the enrichment factors or normalized concentrations based on Al of most anthropogenic species decreased during dust storm period (factor of 0.1–0.5). It suggests that, in general, relative importance of anthropogenic species during dust storm would be not high.     

不同浓度硫酸盐对水稻土中异化铁还原过程的影响

研究不同电子受体之间的竞争关系对揭示厌氧水稻土中微生物作用导致的氧化还原过程变化机理具有重要的理论意义。本研究采用土壤泥浆厌氧培养、人工合成氧化铁体系接种土壤浸提液厌氧培养及接种铁还原菌纯培养等试验方法,通过向培养体系中添加SO24-,探讨了硫酸盐作为竞争电子受体对不同铁还原体系中Fe（Ⅲ）还原的影响。结果表明,在2种水稻土的泥浆培养过程中,Fe（Ⅲ）还原速率均随着SO24-浓度增加而降低,但Fe（Ⅱ）的最终累积量却较对照处理有明显的增加。添加硫酸盐对Fe（Ⅲ）还原速率（k）的影响表现为：石灰性水稻土〉酸性水稻土;而最终Fe（Ⅱ）累积增加率则为：酸性水稻土〉石灰性水稻土。由接种不同水稻土浸提液的培养试验看出,添加SO24-后Fe（Ⅲ）还原受到显著的抑制,但随着培养时间延长Fe（Ⅲ）还原反应依然可以进行,并且Fe（Ⅱ）累积量最终达到与CK相同的水平。在接种铁还原菌的纯培养试验中,添加SO24-对供试的4株铁还原菌的Fe（Ⅲ）还原过程并未产生抑制效应,表明铁还原菌本身并不受硫酸盐的影响。