越南竹产业现状及发展对策

在阐述了越南竹类资源概况及竹产业现状的基础上,总结出越南当前竹产业发展存在的主要问题,并有针对性地提出了如何使越南竹产业走向良性循环轨道的对策。     

The trypsin inhibitor content of 61 wild edible plant foods of Niger

In the western Sahel and many other regions of sub-Saharan Africa,wild edible plants contribute significantly to human diets, notonly during periods when cereal staples are scarce, but also whenthey are readily available. Although there have been publishedreports regarding the nutrient contents of these plant foods,little attention has been devoted to their content of antinutrientssuch as calcium chelators and inhibitors of the pancreas-derivedproteases, trypsin and chymotrypsin, which are required for theefficient digestion and absorption of dietary proteins. In thisstudy, aqueous extracts of 61 different leaves, seeds, fruits andflowers of edible plants gathered in the Republic of Niger wereanalyzed for their content of trypsin inhibitory substances using-N-benzoyl-DL-arginine-p-nitroanilide as the substrate andbovine trypsin as the enzyme source. Twelve of these plant foodscontained more antitrypsin activity than soybeans (1.34–8.18 vs.1.32 g trypsin inhibited/mg dry weight). Boiling for 3 mindid not inactivate the antitrypsin activity in most of the plantextracts. These data confirm that more than half of the wildedible plant foods widely consumed by various populations whoinhabit the western Sahel contain significant quantities of heat-stable trypsin inhibitor that could possibly compromise thebioavailability of proteins present in the diets of these populations.     

River pen culture of giant freshwater prawn Macrobrachium rosenbergii (De Man) in southern Vietnam

A technical and socio‐economic survey conducted in the Dong Thap province of Vietnam to assess the current status of river pen culture of giant freshwater prawn Macrobrachium rosenbergii (De Man) showed that pen culture, which has been developed and operated by farmers' indigenous knowledge, requires more study in order to optimize stocking density and to assess its environmental impacts. In this study, the prawn pens were of rectangular shape, with an average size of 209 m². Prawns were stocked in June at an average density of 62 pieces m^?2 and fed on farm‐made feed and were harvested 2–4 times starting from 4 months after stocking until late December or the following January. The average prawn yield was 0.52 kg m^?2 year^?1, ranging from 0.14 to 1.6 kg m^?2 year^?1. The average net return was US$0.71 m^?2 year^?1, ranging from US$1.24 to 4.37 m^?2 year^?1. About 73% of the farmers achieved positive net returns. The top five constraints for prawn pen culture were lack of knowledge of culture technologies, poor water quality, disease problems, poor quality of wild seed and lack of capital. Almost all farmers have no environmental awareness, and environmental regulations for prawn pen culture have not been established. Field measurements showed that all measured water quality parameters were within the range for good growth of giant freshwater prawns, and indicated that there was no significant accumulation of nutrients and organic matter at the bottoms of rivers or canals.     

Incidence and molecular characterization of potato leaf roll virus in seed potato production in Serbia

European Journal of Plant Pathology - The distribution and frequency of potato leaf roll virus in the four most important potato growing regions in Serbia were studied during the seven years...     

Models to quantify excretion of dry matter,nitrogen, phosphorus and carbon in growing pigs fed regional diets

Modern pig production contributes to many environmental problems that relate to manure, especially in areas with highly intensive production systems and in regions like Asia where the regulative control is not effective. Therefore, the objective of this study was to use three different pig diets varying in dietary protein, fibre and fat as representative for Danish (DK), Thai (TH) and Vietnamese (VN) pig production to develop and evaluate different approaches to predict/calculate excretion from growing pigs in comparison with the experimentally determined values.Nine female growing pigs were used in a digestibility and balance experiment. Excretion of dry matter (DM), nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P) and carbon (C) of the experimental diets were determined.Due to the highest dietary fibre content, VN had the lowest digestibility of N, P and C (73, 49, and 73%, respectively) compared with the DK and TH pig diets. From the known diet composition using standard table values on chemical and nutrient digestibly, high accuracy (bias) and low variation was found and the results could be used for prediction on chemical composition and excretion in faeces and urine in growing pigs. Calculation based on standard values regarding nutrient retention in the pig body as used in the Danish manure normative system (DMNS) showed likewise to be quite useful for quantifying the total excretion of N and P.Overall, the results demonstrate that simple models that require cheap and normally available information on dietary nutrients can give useful information on nutrient excretion in growing pigs.     

Rwt4 , a wheat gene for resistance to Avena isolates of Magnaporthe oryzae , functions as a gene for resistance to Panicum isolates in Japan

Rwt4 (synonym of Rmg1), a temperature-insensitive gene for resistance to Avena isolates of Magnaporthe oryzae, was identified in wheat cultivar Norin 4 in a seedling assay. The significance of Rwt4 was evaluated using flag leaves of wheat cultivars. At high temperature, Norin 4 was completely resistant to Avena isolate Br58, while Chinese Spring, a noncarrier of Rwt4, was susceptible. Genetic analysis of F₂ plants derived from Norin 4 × Chinese Spring indicated that the resistance of flag leaves of Norin 4 to the Avena isolate is conditioned by a single major gene. Segregation analysis of F₃ seedlings derived from the F₂ plants showed that the major gene is actually Rwt4. These results suggest that Rwt4 is effective against Avena isolates throughout the growth stages. Furthermore, screening of Pyricularia isolates from various hosts suggested that Panicum isolates are possible carriers of the corresponding avirulence gene, PWT4. Segregation analyses of F₂ and F₃ seedlings showed that Panicum isolates actually carry PWT4, and, therefore, that Rwt4 is also effective against Panicum isolates. On the other hand, none of the Oryza, Setaria, Triticum, and Lolium isolates tested was a carrier of PWT4. The significance of this finding is discussed from the viewpoint of epidemics of blast disease on wheat.     

In growing pigs,nutritive value and nutrient digestibility of distillers’ by-products obtained from two varieties of rice

In South-East Asia, rice distillers’ by-product (RDP) is a widely abundant feedstuff whose adequate incorporation into pig diets is still questionable. Especially, effects of RDP on nutrient digestibility of growing pigs fed corn-soybean meal-based diet are lacking. The objective of this study was to determine nutrient digestibility and energy value of ordinary (ORDP) and glutinous (GRDP) rice distillers’ by-product in growing pigs. Two groups of 12 castrated crossbred barrows (Duroc × Landrace × Yorkshire), about 3 months old, 38?±?1.04-kg initial body weight, were each allocated to a 15-day experiment in which pigs were divided into three isonitrogenous diet-groups. The animals were housed individually in metabolism cages for separated collection of feces and urine. Each diet-group was provided either a control corn-soybean meal diet or a diet in which corn and soybean meal were partly replaced by ORDP or GRDP at 15 or 30% on diet dry matter basis. Glutinous by-product especially showed higher levels in crude protein, neutral/acid detergent fiber, total branched-chain amino acids, and butyric acid. When compared to the control diet, ORDP tented to increase DM intake (P?= 0.054) but decreased energy (P?< 0.001) and crude protein (P?< 0.04) digestibility, while GRDP decreased DM intake (P?< 0.001). Both GRDP and ORDP products negatively affected digestibility of ether extract. The average digestible and metabolizable energy of ORDP and GRDP were 17.0 and 16.6, and 17.7, and 17.1 MJ/kg DM, respectively. In conclusion, these results show that both RDP, and especially GRDP, are highly valuable protein and energy sources for pig production.

     

Morphological and genetic analysis of Vietnamese Sus scrofa bones for evidence of pig domestication

In the present study, we used morphological and genetic analyzes to distinguish bones of domestic boars from those of wild boars. We analyzed 65 Sus bones (cranium, mandible and teeth) stored in three research institutes in Vietnam and in a village in Vietnam. Based on comparison of bucco‐lingual measurements of mandibular parts, the 58 specimens were morphologically classified into two size groups: a large bone group and a small bone group. Analysis of 572‐bp mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) sequences indicated that the large bones had genetic links to wild boar lineage including Ryukyu, Taiwan and Korean wild boars, and that the small bone group was closely related to East Asian domestic pigs. The phylogenetic analysis and parsimonious networks constructed among mtDNA haplotypes belonging to Ryukyu wild boar lineage showed that the Ryukyu wild boar is closely related to the Vietnamese wild boars, and uniquely miniaturized on their islands after the Ryukyu archipelago became isolated from the Asian continent.     

Morphological Characterization of Autochthonous Apple Genetic Resources in Montenegro

Autochthonous apple varieties are still keeping their importance in Montenegro and they are valuable resources as human food and an important part of rural landscape. The aim of this study was to study and preserve morphological diversity of 30 autochthonous apple varieties in Montenegro between 2008 and 2010. We found a great variation on blooming period and maturation time among varieties and classified them as very early, early, mid and late for blooming and early, middle, late and very late for maturation. Fruit weight varied in wide range from 40.76 g to 206.74 g and ‘Krupnaja’, ‘Krstova?a’ and ‘Babova?a’ produced biggest fruits (191.83–206.74 g). Soluble solid content (SSC) varied between 11.0 to 16.1?% among varieties and ‘Borova?a’, ‘Aleksandrija’, ‘Krstova?a’, ‘Dapsi?anka’, ‘Bosnika’, ‘Rebra?a’ and ‘Babova?a’ had the highest SSC values imply that they can be commercially used in production of spirits, wine, concentrate and jam and also for drying. Based on 3-year average data for 25 properties, UPGMA (Unweighted Pair Group Method with Arithmetic Mean) dendrogram showed a high degree of variability among the studied varieties dividing them into 5 groups and 3 independent accessions.     

Reduction in aggressiveness among hybrids between host-specific pathotypes of Magnaporthe oryzae is caused by reduced ability to overcome adult resistance at the level of penetration

A genetic cross between a Triticum isolate (pathogenic on wheat) and a Setaria isolate (pathogenic on foxtail millet) of Magnaporthe oryzae yielded several F₁ cultures that were virulent on both wheat and foxtail millet at the primary leaf stage. To estimate whether these cultures survive in nature, they were sprayed onto 1-, 2-, and 3-week-old wheat and foxtail millet. As the age of the inoculated plants increased, the lesion number and size were greatly reduced. The F₁ cultures were almost nonpathogenic on both wheat and foxtail millet at the 3-week-old stage. Cytological analysis revealed that the low pathogenicity of the F₁ cultures on older plants was primarily associated with a reduced ability to penetrate the cuticle. When placed on wounded leaf surfaces, the F₁ cultures produced large lesions on 4-week-old wheat and foxtail millet. These results indicate that hybridization between species-specific pathotypes results in a reduction of aggressiveness. We therefore suggest that, even if such hybrids were produced in nature, they might not survive in the natural environment.