Crop water stress mapping for site-specific irrigation by thermal imagery and artificial reference surfaces

Variable-rate irrigation by machines or solid set systems has become technically feasible, however mapping crop water status is necessary to match irrigation quantities to site-specific crop water demands. Remote thermal sensing can provide such maps in sufficient detail and in a timely way. In a set of aerial and ground scans at the Hula Valley, Israel, digital crop water stress maps were generated using geo-referenced high-resolution thermal imagery and artificial reference surfaces. Canopy-related pixels were separated from those of the soil by upper and lower thresholds related to air temperature, and canopy temperatures were calculated from the coldest 33% of the pixel histogram. Artificial surfaces that had been wetted provided reference temperatures for the crop water stress index (CWSI) normalized to ambient conditions. Leaf water potentials of cotton were related linearly to CWSI values with R ² = 0.816. Maps of crop stress level generated from aerial scans of cotton, process tomatoes and peanut fields corresponded well with both ground-based observations by the farm operators and irrigation history. Numeric quantification of stress levels was provided to support decisions to divide fields into sections for spatially variable irrigation scheduling.     

Chemical fertilizer reduction and soil fertility maintenance in rice-fish coculture system

In the long run, whether the use of chemical fertilizers could be reduced and soil fertility could be maintained through rice-fish coculture is less well known. At the pilot site of the rice-fish coculture system, which is one of the five “globally important agricultural heritage systems” (GIAHS), we conducted a 4-year study to compare fertilizer use, rice yield, and soil fertility in rice-fish coculture and rice monoculture. Based on the survey data from 21 villages, rice yield did not differ between rice monoculture and rice-fish coculture, but less chemical fertilizers were used in rice-fish coculture than in rice monoculture. Survey data from 145 farms also showed that rice-fish coculture farms with high input of feed for fish used less chemical fertilizers for rice production than farms with low input of feed for fish. In the 4-year field experiment, although less fertilizer was used in rice-fish coculture, rice yield, soil organic matter, soil total nitrogen, and soluble phosphorus did not differ between rice-fish coculture and rice monoculture. Our results suggest that rice-fish coculture can reduce chemical fertilizers application, enhance land productivity, and maintain soil fertility. Our results also suggest that rice-fish coculture could reduce the risk of non-point source pollution by reducing the input of chemical fertilizers.     

Promoting sustainable intensification in precision agriculture: review of decision support systems development and strategies

Precision agriculture provides important issues toward a more sustainable agriculture. Many farmers have the necessary technology to operate site-specifically, but they do not use it in practice, and thus available information and communications technology (ICT) systems are not used to their full potential. This paper addresses how to reduce the so-called “problem of implementation”, based on the knowledge that participatory approaches during the design and development process is one of the most important factors to frame technology adoption. The development of sustainable ICT systems through theories and methodologies from the fields of human computer interaction and user-centered design (UCD) is presented and an ongoing Swedish project for development of an agricultural decision support system (AgriDSS) for nitrogen fertilization is used as an example to frame the issue. The overreaching aim is to develop AgriDSSs that are sustainable in design as well as through design by stressing the importance of participatory approaches for the successful development of AgriDSSs. The Swedish project has the intention to apply a UCD approach, and some pitfalls on starting to use this way of working is identified as well as some suggestions on how to reduce them through co-learning processes. Despite the challenges presented in this paper, ICT can contribute significantly to long-term sustainable development. Thus, several competences and scientific disciplines need to act in concert to help develop a sustainable development of agriculture via a transdisciplinary approach that can make an impact on society at many levels.     

水肥互作对烤烟含氮化合物含量的影响

目的:探索水肥互作对烤烟含氮化合物含量的影响。方法:以烤烟品种云烟87为试材,在2007～2008年采用田间试验研究了不同水肥处理对烤烟含氮化合物含量的影响。结果:不同水肥处理对烤烟含氮化合物影响显著,T5和T8的含氮化合物含量均在适宜范围,且T8的烟碱含量最适宜,叶绿素含量最低;在氮肥施用量为60 kg/hm2条件下遇旱灌溉可以降低烟叶中总氮、烟碱和叶绿素的含量。结论:就烤烟含氮化合物而言,水肥互作效应的最佳组合为:充足灌溉(保持田间持水量75%以上)、每公顷施纯N 60 kg、P2O5120 kg、K2O 180 kg。     

新疆中亚生态群杏品种果实与叶片形态特征相关性

【目的】研究新疆中亚生态群杏品种果实和叶片的形态特性及相关性,为新品种选育提供理论依据。【方法】以隶属于该生态群的80个新疆杏品种为研究对象,测定其在果实成熟期的叶面积、叶片长、叶片宽、叶周长、单果重、果实纵横侧径,分析这些指标的分布特性和彼此间的相关性。【结果】80个新疆中亚生态群杏品种中,77.5%的杏品种叶面积分布在19.8~30.3 cm²,最大叶面积为44.18 cm²,最小叶面积为12.82 cm²,叶面积整体偏小;86.3%杏品种叶周长分布在16.7~22.7 cm,最大叶周长为24.44 cm,最小叶周长为13.66 cm;63.8%杏品种单果重分布在16.1~32.1 g FW,最大单果重为48.07 g FW,最小单果重为12.13 g FW,果实整体偏小。叶面积与叶片宽之间相关性最高(0.910^**),叶周长与叶片长之间相关性最高(0.870^**),单果重与果实横径之间相关性最高(0.913^**)。【结论】叶面积和叶周长与果实的单果重之间极显著正相关,可作为预测果实单果重的重要指标。     

Management Zones Classified With Respect to Drought and Waterlogging

Within-field variations in potential grain yield may be due to variations in plant available soil water. Different water holding capacities affect yield differently in different years depending on weather. By estimating plant-water availability in different weathers, scenarios could be created of how yield potential and thereby fertilizer demand may vary within fields. To test this, measured cereal grain yields from a dry, a wet and an intermediate year were compared with different soil moisture related variables in a Swedish arable field consisting of clayey and sandy areas. Soil water budget calculations based on weather data and maximum plant available water (PAW), estimated from soil type and rooting data, were used to assess drought. A reasonable correlation between estimated and measured soil moisture was achieved. In the dry year, drought days explained differences in yield between the clayey and the sandy soil, but yield was better explained directly by maximum PAW, elevation, clay content and soil electrical conductivity (SEC). Yield correlated significantly with SEC and elevation within the sandy soil in the dry year and within the clayey soil in the wet year, probably due to water and nitrogen limitation respectively. Dense SEC, elevation and yield data were therefore used to divide the field into management zones representing different risk levels for drought and waterlogging. These could be used as a decision support tool for site-specific N fertilization, since both drought and waterlogging affect N fertilization demand.     

八角枝叶的化学成分研究

【目的】研究八角枝叶中的化学成分。【方法】采用质谱法（MS）和核磁共振法(NMR),对从八角枝叶中分离到的化合物进行结构鉴定。【结果】从八角枝叶中分离到了7种化合物,分别为Nortrachelogenin-8′-O-β-D-glucopyranoside(1)、Dihydrobuddlenol B(2)、Naringenin-4′-O-β-Dglucopyranoside(3)、槲皮素-3-O-L吡喃鼠李糖(4)、Benzeneethanol-4-O-β-D-glucopyranoside(5)、3,5-二甲氧基-4-羟基-苯甲酸甲酯(6)和莽草酸(7)。【结论】从八角枝叶中分离得到7种化合物,化合物1～6为首次从该植物中分离得到。     

淫羊藿对肾阳虚雄性大鼠肾脏BMP-7表达的影响

目的 观察淫羊藿对肾阳虚雄性SD大鼠肾脏骨形态发生蛋白-7(BMP-7)表达的影响.方法 3月龄雄性SD大鼠24只,随机分为正常组、肾阳虚模型组、淫羊藿组,灌胃给药90d后,RT-PCR检测肾脏BMP-7 mRNA表达,免疫组化检测肾脏BMP-7的表达.结果 正常组和淫羊藿组BMP-7mRNA和蛋白显著高于肾阳虚模型组(灰度比值:0.990±0.103和1.054:t:0.097vs0.619±0.106,P＜0.01;免疫组化:0、1、0、4和0、0、0、4vs1、2、2、0,P＜0.01).结论 淫羊藿可提高肾脏中BMP-7的表达而保护肾脏.     

亚精胺对牡丹花膜脂过氧化的影响

在牡丹花绿蕾期全株喷洒0.2、0.5和0.8 mmol·L-1的亚精胺(Spd)水溶液,其中0.2和0.5 mmol·L-1的Spd溶液使花辩中超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)的活性提高,超氧阴离子(O2-)产生速率、丙二醛(MDA)含量和花瓣外渗液的相对电导率下降,以0.2 mmol·L-1Spd的处理效果较好;而0.8 mmol·L-1Spd溶液处理降低了花瓣SOD活性,并使O2-产生速率、MDA含量和花瓣外渗液的相对电导率略有升高.     

留苗密度与施肥对谷子品种保213产量及其相关性状的影响

为研究谷子新品种保213适宜的留苗密度和施肥量,2010～2011年在保定市农业科学研究所试验基地进行了留苗密度(22.5、45.0和67.5株/m2)、N肥施用量(7.5、22.5和37.5 g/m2)、P2O5施用量(7.5、22.5和37.5 g/m2)、K2O施用量(0.0、7.5和15.0 g/m2)4因素3水平正交试验,系统比较了不同处理对主要农艺性状及产量的影响。结果表明:留苗密度对保213产量、株高、成穗率及其相关性状有显著影响,随着留苗密度的增大,株高和产量显著增加,成穗率、穗长和穗粒重显著降低;保213产量随K肥施用量的增加而显著增加,与N和P肥施用量无明显影响;产量最高的因素组合为:留苗密度67.5株/m2,N肥施用量22.5 g/m2,P2O5施用量7.5 g/m2,K2O施用量15.0 g/m2。不同密度与施肥处理对生育期、出谷率和千粒重无显著影响。