芩术安胎散的毒性和临床安全性试验研究

试验通过对芩术安胎散的急性毒性、亚慢性毒性和临床安全性进行研究,为芩术安胎散对家猫先兆性流产的预防与治疗提供参考。急性毒性试验：制备芩术安胎散药液,取6周龄健康昆明小白鼠60只,随机分为5组,每组12只,第1~4组的给药剂量分别为6 000、4 800、3 840和3 072 mg/kg,对照组给予等量纯净水,10 d内观察有无中毒和死亡,计算半数致死量（LD₅₀）;另取6周龄健康昆明小白鼠20只,随机分为2组：试验组给予2.0 g/mL芩术安胎散药液,18 h内灌服3次,每次0.8 mL,对照组给予等量纯净水,给药后饲养7 d,计算最大耐受量（MTD）。亚慢性毒性试验：24只7周龄SD雌性大鼠随机均分为高、中、低剂量组和对照组,在30 d内,每日分别给予4 800、2 400和1 200 mg/kg芩术安胎散,对照组以等量纯净水进行灌胃,每日观察和记录各组大鼠的精神状态、有无中毒症状和死亡;第31天对各组大鼠称重、采血,进行血液学检测,剖检各组大鼠,观察主要脏器有无病变并制作病理切片。临床安全性试验：选取2~5岁健康雌性家猫20只,适应性饲养10 d,随机分组,每组5只,分别为低剂量组（1倍临床推荐剂量：1.15 g/kg）、中剂量组（3倍临床推荐剂量：3.45 g/kg）、高剂量组（5倍临床推荐剂量：5.75 g/kg）及空白对照组,将药物置于胶囊内,口服给药,空白对照组给予空胶囊,每日1次,连续给药7 d,每日观察各组家猫食欲、精神状态及排便情况,于第8天对各组家猫进行静脉采血,检测血常规和血液生化指标。结果显示,急性毒性试验无小鼠死亡,LD₅₀>6 000 mg/kg;小鼠对芩术安胎散的最大耐受量为240 g/kg,表明该受试药物无明显毒性。在亚慢性毒性试验中,各组大鼠的生长发育情况、血常规指标、脏器系数与对照组相比均无显著差异（P>0.05）;高、中剂量组与低剂量组、对照组相比血清总胆固醇含量显著下调（P<0.05）,除此之外的生化指标均无显著差异（P>0.05）。病理剖检和组织切片观察结果显示,高剂量组大鼠主要组织器官与对照组相比无明显异常。在临床安全性试验中,不同剂量组家猫精神状态、被毛光泽度、粪便情况均正常,血液学指标与对照组相比差异均不显著（P>0.05）。本试验结果表明,中药芩术安胎散无明显毒性,家猫按临床推荐剂量使用是安全的。     

Object‐Based Mapping of Karst Rocky Desertification using a Support Vector Machine

Accurate and cost‐effective mapping of karst rocky desertification (KRD) is still a challenge at the regional and national scale. Visual interpretation has been utilised in the majority of studies, while an automated method based on pixel data has been investigated repeatedly. An object‐based method coupling with support vector machine (SVM) was developed and tested using Enhanced Thematic Mapper Plus (ETM+) images from three selected counties (Liujiang, Changshun and Zhenyuan) with different karst landscapes in SW China. The method supports a strategy of defining a mapping unit. It combined ETM+ images and ancillary data including elevation, slope and Normalized Difference Vegetation Index images. A sequence of scale parameters estimation, image segmentation, training data sampling, SVM parameters tuning and object classification was performed to achieve the mapping. A quantitative and semi‐automated approach was used to estimate scale parameters for segmenting an object at an optimal scale. We calculated the sum of area‐weighted standard deviation (WS), rate of change for WS, local variance (LV) and rate of change for LV at each scale level, and the threshold of the aforementioned index that indicated the optimal segment level and merge level. The KRD classification results had overall accuracies of 85·50, 84·00 and 84·86 per cent for Liujiang, Changshun and Zhenyuan, respectively, and kappa coefficients are up to 0·8062, 0·7917 and 0·8083, respectively. This approach mapped six classes of KRD and offered a visually appealing presentation. Moreover, it proposed a conceptual and size‐variable object from the classification standard of KRD. The results demonstrate that the application of our method provides an efficient approach for the mapping of KRD. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

紫花苜蓿太阳能干燥系统干燥箱的结构设计

紫花苜蓿是世界范围内种植量最广的牧草之一,低温干燥是常用的贮存方法,可有效保存苜蓿当中的营养成分。太阳能干燥箱可以为苜蓿提供干燥环境,保证干燥温度。为此,设计了一种立式箱式结构干燥箱,并对其工作原理、制作方式、内外部的结构形式及保温材料进行了相应的研究。     

闭式脱粒滚筒的静动态性能分析

针对联合收割机中闭式脱粒滚筒有可能在外载荷作用下会发生较大变形和在外激励作用下发生共振的问题,采用SolidWorks软件对闭式脱粒滚筒进行了三维建模,以*.x_t格式导入Ansys Workbench建立有限元模型,然后对闭式脱粒滚筒进行静动态性能分析(即静态分析和模态分析)。静态分析结果表明,闭式脱粒滚筒的刚度和强度足够,变形均在设计允许范围之内;模态分析得到的闭式脱粒滚筒前6阶固有频率和振型结果表明,在规定的工况范围内,闭式脱粒滚筒在外激励作用下不会产生共振。研究结果为后续样机的设计和改进提供了理论依据。     

Screening of Probiotics Inhibiting E. coli K88 in vitro

The probiotics tested in the experiment were isolated from the intestinal of weaning piglets.The isolated probiotics and E.coli K88 were inoculated into the culture of intestinal porcine epithelial cell-1 (IPEC-1).The activity of lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) in the supernatant was measured after incubating for 2.5 h.At the same time, the probiotics and E.coli K88 were co-cultured in vitro, the number of E.coli K88 was counted and the probiotics which could be resistant to the E.coli K88 were selected 2.5 h later.The results showed that the Lactobacillus casei and Bacillus coagulans could significantly reduce LDH activity (P<0.05), decrease the damage of E.coli K88; Bacillus coagulans could inhibit the growth of E.coli K88.At the same time, Bacillus coagulans could resist high temperature, acid and bile salt.The results showed that Bacillus coagulans strains had great potential as the application of probiotics strains.The methods could be used as a model of screen probiotics which could inhibit the growth of E.coli K88 in vitro.     

Nanoemulsion formulation of florfenicol improves bioavailability in pigs

Nanotechnology applications in medicine have seen a tremendous growth in the past decade and are being employed to enhance the stability and bioavailability of lipophilic substances, such as florfenicol. This study aimed to examine the pharmacokinetic properties of the formulated oil‐in‐water florfenicol‐loaded nanoemulsion (FF‐NE). FF‐NE and florfenicol control (Nuflor^®) were administered to the pigs at a dose of 20 mg/kg. Nanoemulsion formulation of florfenicol was highly influenced in vivo plasma profile. The in vivo absorption study in pigs indicated that C_max (14.54 μg/mL) was significantly higher in FF‐NE, 3.42 times higher than the marketed formulation. In comparison with the control group, the relative bioavailability of formulated nanoemulsion was up to 134.5%. Assessment of bioequivalence using log‐transformed data showed that the 90% confidence intervals (90% CI) of C_max and AUC_0–∞ were 2.48–4.60 and 1.21–1.72, respectively.     

HSP90 gene expression induced by aspirin is associated with damage remission in a chicken myocardial cell culture exposed to heat stress

1. To understand the potential protection of heat shock protein 90 (HSP90) induced by aspirin against heat stress damage in chicken myocardial cells, enzyme activities related to stress damage, cytopathological changes, the expression and distribution of HSP90, and HSP90 mRNA levels in the myocardial cells exposed to heat stress (42°C) for different durations with or without aspirin administration (1 mg/ml, 2 h prior) in vitro were investigated.

2. Significant increase of enzyme levels in the supernatant of heat-stressed myocardial cells and cellular lesions characterised by acute degeneration, karyopyknosis and karyorrhexis were observed, compared to non-treated cells. However, the lesions of cells treated with aspirin were milder, characterised by earlier recovery of enzyme levels to the control levels and no obvious heat stress-related cellular necrosis.

3. Stronger positive signals in the cytoplasm and longer retention of HSP90 signal in nuclei were observed in aspirin-treated myocardial cells than those of only heat-stressed cells. HSP90 level in the aspirin-treated myocardial cells was 11.1-fold higher than that in non-treated cells, and remained at a high level at the early stage of heat stress, whereas it was just 4.1-fold higher in only heat-stressed cells and returned rapidly to a low level.

4. Overexpression of HSP90 mRNA in aspirin-treated cells was observed throughout the experiment, whereas HSP90 mRNA decreased significantly only in heat-stressed cells.

5. The early higher HSP90 expression induced by aspirin during heat stress was accompanied by decreased heat stress damage, suggesting that aspirin might play an important role in preventing myocardial cells from heat stress damage in vitro.

     

Free choice feeding of whole grains in meat-type pigeons: 1. effect on performance,carcass traits and organ development

1. The effects of 5 different feeding systems on the performance, carcass traits and organ development were studied in pigeon squabs.

2. The 5 treatments were (1) whole grains of maize, pea and wheat plus concentrate feed; (2)whole grains of maize and wheat plus concentrate feed (CWC); (3) whole grains of maize and pea plus concentrate feed; (4)whole grain of maize plus concentrate feed (CC); and (5) compound feed (CF).

3. Feed intake of parent pigeons increased significantly from 0 to 21 d and it was higher in the CF treatment. Body weight of squabs in the CWC treatment was the highest among the 5 treatments in 4 weeks. Body weight losses of parental pigeons during the rearing period were not significantly different among the 5 treatments.

4. Protein intake in CC and CWC treatments was lower than that of the other three treatments. The CWC treatment had the highest daily weight gain and the lowest feed conversion ratio. Treatments were statistically similar in the relative weight of carcass, breast and thigh. CF had the lower relative weight of abdominal fat.

5. Relative weight of gizzard in the CF treatment was significantly lower than that of CWC.

6. It was concluded that the application of free choice feeding of whole grains of maize and wheat plus concentrate feed increased the body weight of 28-d-old pigeon squabs and decreased the feed conversion rate of parent pigeons. This feeding strategy could be commercially interesting in meat-type pigeon production.

     

Crop milk protein is synthesised following activation of the IRS1/Akt/TOR signalling pathway in the domestic pigeon (Columba livia)

1. The experiment was conducted to study whether insulin receptor substance 1 (IRS1) / Protein kinase B (Akt)/target of the rapamycin (TOR) signalling pathway activation stimulates crop milk protein synthesis in the domestic pigeon (Columba livia).

2. Crop milk was collected from ten 1-d-old squabs and analysed for nutrient content. During the non-breeding period and the first day of lactation, blood samples were collected from 5 pairs of breeding pigeons and the levels of prolactin and insulin were determined.

3. Crop samples were collected from 5 pairs of breeders at d 14 and 16 of the incubation period and d 1, 3 and 7 of the lactation period. Crop samples were evaluated for changes in crop weight and thickness and changes in the expression patterns of IRS1/Akt/TOR signalling pathway–related proteins.

4. The results demonstrated that prolactin induces a gradual increase in the relative weight and thickness of the crop, with crops reaching a maximum size at the third day of lactation.

5. Pigeon crop milk contains 64.1% crude protein and 29.7% crude fat based on dry weight.

6. Serum prolactin and insulin levels in the lactation period were significantly higher than those in the non-breeding period. Compared with non-breeding pigeons, the expression of the phosphorylated IRS1 phosphorylated Akt, phosphorylated TOR, phosphorylated ribosomal protein S6 kinase, phosphorylated S6, phosphorylated eukaryotic initiation factor 4E binding protein 1 and eukaryotic initiation factor 4E were significantly up-regulated in the crop of pigeons in the lactation period.

7. In conclusion, prolactin might induce changes in crop tissue and form the physiological structure for crop milk synthesis. Furthermore, the synthesis of crop milk protein is regulated by activation of the IRS1/Akt/TOR signalling pathway.