抗草甘膦棉花研究进展

抗草甘膦棉花最早于1997在美国释放,它是通过将编码抗草甘膦酶5-烯醇式丙酮酰莽草酸-3-磷酸合成酶基因导入珂字棉312而获得的抗性株.抗草甘膦棉花在美国的种植面积占棉花总种植面积从1997年的3.2%到增加到2005年的60%左右.在这近十年内,抗草甘膦棉花虽然得到了广泛的种植,但也存在着不少问题,其中最为突出的是草甘膦的施用方法和时期的不正确操作对抗草甘膦棉花的根系生长、育性和产量都产生了负面影响.这主要是因为:1、外界因素,包括草甘膦施用方法在内的其他栽培措施和不利的环境条件,如高温,对抗草甘膦棉花的产量及生长的影响;2、内部因素,抗草甘膦棉花不同器官对草甘膦的吸收量及抗草甘膦基因的表达量差异有关.因此,本文从抗草甘膦棉花对草甘膦的吸收分配、草甘膦的施用量和时期对抗草甘膦棉花根系生长、花药开裂及产量等方面综述了这些年来抗草甘膦棉花在应用过程中的问题,并且对今后抗草甘膦棉花育种方面作了展望.     

Variation and correlation analysis of flavonoids and carotenoids in Korean pigmented rice (Oryza sativa L.) cultivars

Flavonoids and carotenoids of pigmented rice ( Oryza sativa L.), including five black cultivars and two red cultivars, from Korea were characterized to determine the diversity among the phytochemicals and to analyze the relationships among their contents. Black cultivars were higher in flavonoids and carotenoids than the red and white cultivars. The profiles of eight phytochemicals identified from the rice grains were subjected to principal component analysis (PCA) to evaluate the differences among cultivars. PCA could fully distinguish between these cultivars. The Heugjinjubyeo (BR-1) and Heugseolbyeo (BR-2) cultivars were separated from the others based on flavonoid and carotenoid concentrations. Flavonoid contents had a positive correlation with carotenoid contents among all rice grains. The BR-1 and BR-2 cultivars appear to be good candidates for future breeding programs because they have simultaneously high flavonoid and carotenoid contents.     

Effects of 17β-estradiol injection on the reproductive efficiency of freshwater crayfish,Astacus leptodactylus (Eschscholtz, 1823)

The effects of 17β-estradiol injection (10^?7mol/crayfish) in adult female Astacus leptodactylus on the reproductive efficiency (i.e., pleopodal egg and stage 1 juvenile numbers) were investigated. In addition, hepatosomatic index, gonodosomatic index, and 17β-estradiol (E2) levels of crayfish ovary, hepatopancreas, and heamolymph before and after injections were also determined. Results showed that E2 injection to females enhances the reproductive efficiency of A.leptodctylus. E2 injection significantly increased pleopodal egg and stage 1 juvenile numbers, GSI, HSI, and concentrations of E2 in heamolymph, ovary, and hepatopancreas. However, E2 injection did not accelerate time of mating and proportion of pleopodal egg-berried females at the first week of reproduction season in this species. This study highlights that to improve the reproductive efficiency of A.leptodctylus by using hormones to regulate the ovarian cycle, E2 should be used at least 1.5 months before the commencement of the breeding season.     

赤水河春季浮游植物群落结构变化及其优势种生态位分析

基于2011-2016年春季对赤水河4个断面浮游植物的调查,分析其群落结构变化及优势种生态位,揭示浮游植物群落变化规律、优势种的生态位分化及其环境适应性,可为赤水河浮游植物群落结构特征研究提供基础资料。结果显示,6年间在赤水河共采集到浮游植物7门、68属、233种（变种）,主要为硅藻,占比超过60%;浮游植物细胞密度在（17.28～136.68）×104个/L,各段面浮游植物密度年际间变化无显著差异,群落组成时间异质性较空间异质性明显,时空方差分解显示,时间变异可解释总变异的24.5%,空间变异仅解释总变异的2.0%;浮游植物多样性指数显示,2014年和2016年赤水河处于轻污或无污染状态,2011-2013年和2015年受到中度人为影响。2011-2016年春季赤水河共出现优势种31种（变种）,主要为广生态位和中生态位种,生态位重叠指数在同一门类物种中最高,在不同门类物种中最小。研究表明,赤水河春季浮游植物对水生态环境的适应能力强,对水环境变化有较好的适应性。     

唇(鱼骨)(♀)×花(鱼骨)(♂)杂交育种初步研究

研究分析了唇(鱼骨)(♀)×花(鱼骨)(♂)杂交育种的特点和可行性.结果表明:2008-2011年,共计获得约164万粒受精卵,杂交F1鱼苗111.7万尾.在水温18～26℃条件下,唇(鱼骨)(♀)×花(鱼骨)(♂)的催产率、受精率和孵化率可达到85.5％～89.2％、80.6％～81.2％和80％～85.6％.在水温(20±1)℃条件下,杂交F1受精卵在受精后94 h 10 min,仔鱼开始出膜.初孵仔鱼全长5.75 ～ 6.83 mm.杂交F1成鱼的体色和体型与母本比较相近.唇(鱼骨)(♀)×花(鱼骨)(♂)的杂交育种是可行的.     

Molecular characterization and identification of facilitative glucose transporter 2 (GLUT2) and its expression and of the related glycometabolism enzymes in response to different starch levels in blunt snout bream (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Megalobrama amblycephala</Emphasis>)

Facilitative glucose transporters (GLUT) are transmembrane transporters involved in glucose transport across the plasma membrane. In this study, blunt snout bream GLUT2 gene was cloned, and its expression in various tissues and in liver in response to diets with different carbohydrate levels (17.1; 21.8; 26.4; 32.0; 36.3; and 41.9% of dry matter). Blunt snout bream GLUT2 was also characterized. A full-length cDNA fragment of 2577 bp was cloned, which contains a 5′-untranslated region (UTR) of 73 bp, a 3′-UTR of 992 bp, and an open reading frame of 1512 bp that encodes a polypeptide of 503 amino acids with predicted molecular mass of 55.046 kDa and theoretical isoelectric point was 7.52. The predicted GLUT2 protein has 12 transmembrane domains between amino acid residues at 7–29; 71–93; 106–123; 133–155; 168–190; 195–217; 282–301; 316–338; 345–367; 377–399; 412–434; and 438–460. Besides, the conservative structure domains located at 12–477 amino acids belong to the sugar porter family which is the major facilitator superfamily (MFS) of transporters. Blunt snout bream GLUT2 had the high degree of sequence identity to four GLUT2s from zebrafish, chicken, human, and mouse, with 91, 63, 57, and 54% identity, respectively. Quantitative real-time (qRT) PCR assays revealed that GLUT2 expression was high in the liver, intestine, and kidney; highest in the liver and was regulated by carbohydrate intake. Compared with the control group (17.1%), fed by 3 h with higher starch levels (32.0; 36.3; and 41.9%), increased plasma glucose levels and glycemic level went back to basal by 24 h after treatment. Furthermore, higher dietary starch levels significantly increase GLUT2, glucokinase (GK), and pyruvate kinase (PK) expression and concurrently decrease phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase (PEPCK) and glucose-6-phosphatase (G6P) mRNA levels (P?<?0.05), and these changes were also back to basal levels after 24 h of any dietary treatment. These results indicate that the blunt snout bream is able to regulate their ability to metabolize glucose by improving GLUT2, GK, and PK expression levels and decreasing PEPCK and G6P expression levels.     

不同载体固定化海洋微生物酯酶ETM-b的性能比较

分别采用海藻酸钠包埋法、明胶包埋交联法、壳聚糖吸附交联法制备固定化海洋芽孢杆菌酯酶ETM-b,并对其固定化条件进行了研究。结果发现,壳聚糖制备的固定化酶效果最好,壳聚糖2%、戊二醛浓度1%、小球与酶液4∶3(g/ml)时制备的固定化酶的活性回收最高,达到66%。壳聚糖制备的固定化酶使用10次,相对活性保留70%,具有良好的操作稳定性。固定化酶在非水介质中具有转化α-乙酸萘酯(α-Naphthyl acetate)的能力,在异辛烷、正辛烷、正己烷中活性表现最高。     

朱鹮自然保护区有机农产品产业形成与环境评价体系

分析了朱鹮自然保护区的自然环境、生产环境和社会人文环境,以及朱鹮自然保护区发展有机产品的可行性。进一步论述了朱鹮保护区有机产品产业环境的构成,在此基础上建立了朱鹮保护区有机产品产业环境的评价体系:目标层、项目层、评价因素层和指标层;政策体系:国家法律体系、政府行政体系、民俗民约体系;评价监控管理体系:国家法律、政府行政、经济活动方面和管理过程方面,并对这一评价体系的应用前景进行了展望。保护朱鹮自然保护区有机产品产业环境是一项长期艰巨的任务。建立朱鹮自然保护区有机产品产业环境评价体系具有广阔的应用前景,主要体现:能为有机产品产业提供有效的管理方法;可供政府管理、监控、指导产业发展,以及能为投资决策提供依据。     

辣椒苗期耐热性及其生理生化特性研究

对6个耐热性不同的辣椒品种进行高温处理,计算热害指数,并研究辣椒幼苗叶片中超氧化物歧化酶、过氧化物酶的活性变化,以及丙二醛、脯氨酸的含量变化。结果表明,辛香8号和辛香24号耐热性较强;随着胁迫温度的升高,辣椒叶片中SOD的活性均表现为先上升后下降;POD活性与品种耐热性无明显相关性;MDA含量和脯氨酸含量与胁迫温度呈正相关。SOD活性、PRO和MDA含量变化可以作为辣椒耐热性鉴定的生理指标,而POD活性则不适合用于鉴定辣椒的耐热性。     

新型职业农民参与技能培训的意愿及影响因素研究——基于规模种植业农户的实证分析

利用对浙江省230名规模以上种植业新型职业农民问卷调查数据,实证分析其参与技能培训的意愿及影响因素。结果表明,愿意参与培训的新型职业农民人数明显高于不愿参与培训的农民;性别、文化程度、从事本产业年限、收入结构、产业经营中遇到技术问题的情况、技能对收入提高率的感知、培训对收入提高率的感知、对政府培训补贴率的感知以及外部环境对技能要求的感知等因素对新型职业农民参与技能培训的意愿具有显著影响。