不同倍性柿品种的杂交亲和性及结实性研究

【目的】通过对部分柿品种杂交亲和性的研究,为柿杂交育种亲本的选择及杂交组合的选配提供理论依据。【方法】采用“杂3-2”、“禅寺丸”、“杂4-2”和“正月”4个雄株作父本,“黑柿”、“干帽盔”、“野柿”、“平核无”、“金枣柿”和“阳丰”6个雌株作母本,设置自然授粉（对照）、套袋不授粉、套袋后进行无生活力花粉授粉和有生活力花粉不同组合杂交授粉4种处理,利用离体萌发法比较雄株的花粉生活力,利用荧光显微镜观察柿不同杂交组合的亲和性,并比较不同杂交组合的坐果率、单果种子数和无籽果实率。【结果】4个雄株花粉生活力由大到小依次为“杂3-2”（52.53%）>“禅寺丸”(48.13%)>“杂4-2”（40.02%）>“正月”（34.10%）。在24个杂交组合中,相同倍性的父本与母本杂交,柱头乳突细胞表面均无胼胝质（“阳丰”与各雄株杂交情况除外）,且花粉粒在柱头上粘附萌发形成大量的花粉管并不同程度地参与了受精;不同倍性的父本与母本杂交,柱头上粘附的花粉粒少,柱头胼胝质的形成阻碍了花粉的萌发。24个杂交组合中,坐果率和单果种子数最高的组合为“黑柿”ד杂3-2”,分别为74.44%和4.00;坐果率最低的组合为“金枣柿”ד正月”,坐果率和单果种子数分别为22.22%和0.10,且人工授粉处理的坐果率和单果种子数均高于自然授粉处理。通过比较不同授粉方式下6个雌株的无籽果实率可知,“干帽盔”、“阳丰”、“平核无”存在真单性和刺激性单性结实现象,“黑柿”存在刺激性单性结实现象,“野柿”、“金枣柿”存在假单性结实现象。【结论】柿不同雄株间的花粉生活力存在差异;相同倍性的父本与母本杂交亲和性大于不同倍性间父本与母本杂交;人工授粉能明显提高各杂交组合的坐果率和单果种子数。     

Daily basking patterns of the fresh-water turtle

Basking activity in the turtle Pelomedusa subrufa L. apparently is initiated by the presence of a suitable heat source, whereas subsequent basking is largely determined by prevailing environmental temperatures as well as requirements for avoiding overheating.     

大麦黄矮病毒(BYDV) cDNA的合成、克隆及初步应用

 以大麦黄矮病毒二叉蚜和麦长管蚜专化株的病毒核酸为模板,以小牛胸腺DNA为引物,合成cDNA的第一条链,再用缺口翻译法合成第二条链,然后采用加装BamH₁人工接头的方法将ds-cDNA插入到质粒载体pUC₈中,重组质粒于大肠杆菌JM—83中进行克隆,以克隆的颜色变化选择含有外源DNA的克隆,再用病毒核酸制备的探针筛选真正病毒cDNA插入的克隆。重组质粒中ds-DNA的插入长度在300—1600bp之间。用缺口翻译法制备质粒DNA分子探针检测同源病毒液,反应灵敏度在100pg-1ng之间。应用cDNA探针检测不同病毒和病毒株系,从中筛选出黄矮病毒株系专化克隆系,黄矮病毒专化克隆系和黄矮病毒组专化克隆系.     

Clinical features of dilated cardiomyopathy in Great Danes and results of a pedigree analysis: 17 cases (1990-2000)

OBJECTIVE: To determine clinical features of dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM) in Great Danes and to determine whether DCM is familial in this breed. DESIGN: Retrospective study. ANIMALS: 17 Great Danes with DCM. PROCEDURE: Medical records of Great Danes in which DCM was diagnosed on the basis of results of echocardiography (fractional shortening < 25%, end-systolic volume index > 30 ml/m2 of body surface area) were reviewed. Pedigrees were obtained for affected animals, as well as for other Great Danes in which DCM had been diagnosed. RESULTS: Dilated cardiomyopathy appeared to be familial and was characterized by ventricular dilatation, congestive heart failure (left-sided or biventricular), and atrial fibrillation. Pedigree analysis suggested that DCM was inherited as an X-linked recessive trait, but the mode of inheritance could not be definitively identified. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Results suggest that DCM may be an X-linked recessive trait in Great Danes. Thus, dogs with DCM probably should not be used for breeding, and female offspring of affected dogs should be used cautiously. Male offspring of affected females are at an increased risk of developing DCM and should be evaluated periodically for early signs of disease. Results of pedigree analysis were preliminary and should be used only as a guide for counseling breeders, rather than as a basis for making breeding decisions.     

Xerostomia, xerophthalmia, and plasmacytic infiltrates of the salivary glands (Sjögren's-like syndrome) in a cat

A 2.5-year-old domestic shorthair cat was evaluated because of dysphagia and weight loss of 4 weeks' duration. MIld blepharospasm and conjunctival hyperemia were evident in both eyes, oral mucous membranes were tacky on palpation, and salivary glands were enlarged. Results of a Schirmer tear test were 0 mm/min for both eyes. Administration of atropine did not cause salivation or caused secretion fo thick rope-like saliva. Examination of biopsy specimens of salivary glands revealed a plasmacytic infiltrate. Sj?gren's syndrome (SS) was diagnosed. Oral administration of prednisone was instituted but was discontinued after a minimal positive response was evident 6 weeks after initiation of treatment. Palliative treatment with a 6% solution of pilocarpine 4 to 5 times/d, cyclosporine, hylan A, and neomycin-polymyxin-bacitracin ophthalmic ointment resulted in clinical improvement in the cat. Although reported rarely in animals, SS may be more common than currently is recognized. Most treatment regimens for SS are aimed at alleviating clinical signs.     

Use of echocardiography for the diagnosis of heartworm disease in cats: 43 cases (1985-1997)

OBJECTIVE: To determine the usefulness of echocardiography in the diagnosis of heartworm disease in cats and to compare this modality with other tests. DESIGN: Retrospective study. ANIMALS: 43 cats with heartworm infection that had echocardiographic examinations at 2 veterinary teaching hospitals between 1985 and 1997. Twenty-two of these 43 cats also underwent radiography of the thorax and heartworm antibody and heartworm antigen testing. PROCEDURE: Cats were determined to be infected with Dirofilaria immitis infection on the basis of 1 or more of the following findings: positive modified Knott or antigen test result, echocardiographic evidence of heartworm disease, or confirmation of the disease on postmortem examination. The percentage of echocardiographs in which heartworms were evident was compared with the percentage of radiographs in which pulmonary artery enlargement was evident and results of antigen or antibody tests in cats in which all tests were performed. RESULTS: Overall, heartworms were detectable by use of echocardiography in 17 of 43 cats, most often in the pulmonary arteries. In the 22 cats in which all tests were performed, antibody test results were positive in 18, antigen test results were positive in 12, and pulmonary artery enlargement was evident radiographically and heartworms were identifiable echocardiographically in 14. Heartworm infection was diagnosed exclusively by use of echocardiography in 5 cats in which the antigen test result was negative. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Although echocardiography was less sensitive than antigen testing, it was a useful adjunctive test in cats that had negative antigen test results in which there was a suspicion of heartworm disease. The pulmonary arteries should be evaluated carefully to increase the likelihood of detection of heartworms echocardiographically.     

Effect of pharmacological concentrations of zinc oxide with or without the inclusion of an antibacterial agent on nursery pig performance

A study involving nine research stations from the NCR-42 Swine Nutrition Committee used a total of 1,978 crossbred pigs to evaluate the effects of dietary ZnO concentrations with or without an antibacterial agent on postweaning pig performance. In Exp. 1, seven stations (IA, MI, MN, MO, NE, ND, and OH) evaluated the efficacy of ZnO when fed to nursery pigs at 0, 500, 1,000, 2,000, or 3,000 mg Zn/kg for a 28-d postweaning period. A randomized complete block experiment was conducted in 24 replicates using a total of 1,060 pigs. Pigs were bled at the 28-d period and plasma was analyzed for Zn and Cu. Because two stations weaned pigs at < 15 d (six replicates) and five stations at > 20 d (18 replicates) of age, the two sets of data were analyzed separately. The early-weaned pig group had greater (P < 0.05) gains, feed intakes, and gain:feed ratios for the 28-d postweaning period as dietary ZnO concentration increased. Later-weaned pigs also had increased (P < 0.01) gains and feed intakes as the dietary ZnO concentration increased. Responses for both weanling pig groups seemed to reach a plateau at 2,000 mg Zn/kg. Plasma Zn concentrations quadratically increased (P < 0.01) and plasma Cu concentrations quadratically decreased (P < 0.01) when ZnO concentrations were > 1,000 mg Zn/kg. Experiment 2 was conducted at seven stations (KY, MI, MO, NE, ND, OH, and OK) and evaluated the efficacy of an antibacterial agent (carbadox) in combination with added ZnO. The experiment was a 2 x 3 factorial arrangement in a randomized complete block design conducted in a total of 20 replicates. Carbadox was added at 0 or 55 mg/kg diet, and ZnO was added at 0, 1,500, or 3,000 mg Zn/ kg. A total of 918 pigs were weaned at an average 19.7 d of age. For the 28-d postweaning period, gains (P < 0.01), feed intakes (P < 0.05), and gain:feed ratios (P < 0.05) increased when dietary ZnO concentrations increased and when carbadox was added. These responses occurred in an additive manner. The results of these studies suggest that supplemental ZnO at 1,500 to 2,000 mg Zn/kg Zn improved postweaning pig performance, and its combination with an antibacterial agent resulted in additional performance improvements.     

Ovulation rate and litter size in gilts immunized against androstenedione and 17alpha-hydroxyprogesterone

Two experiments were conducted to evaluate the effects of the immunization of gilts against ovarian steroids on ovulation rate and litter size. In Exp. 1, gilts (n = five gilts/treatment) at 165+/-1.6 d of age were immunized against either carrier (Control), androstenedione, or 17alpha-hydroxyprogesterone. Age at puberty and estrous cycle length averaged 208+/-5.5 (P = 0.67) and 20.3+/-2.8 d (P = 0.41), respectively, and were not affected by treatment. The androstenedione- and 17alpha-hydroxyprogesterone immunized gilts had higher (P < 0.02) ovulation rates than Controls (14.2, 14.2, and 11.4+/-0.8, respectively). Total pigs born (P = 0.66) and pigs born live (P = 0.65) for the androstenedione-treated group were not different from Controls. Gestation length was not different (P = 0.36) between any of the treatments and the Controls (115+/-0.9 d). Procedures used in Exp. 2 were similar to those in Exp. 1, except that only Control (n= 18) and 17alpha-hydroxyprogesterone (n = 16) treatments were included and only litter size at farrowing was measured. Total pigs and pigs born live were higher in the 17a-hydroxyprogesterone-treated gilts than in the Controls (12.6 vs 10.5+/-0.6, P < 0.02; and 11.4 vs 9.2+/-0.6; P < 0.01, respectively). Data from this study indicate that litter size in gilts can be increased by immunization against 17alpha-hydroxyprogesterone.     

Aortic root disease in four horses

Clinical findings in 4 horses with aortic root disease are described. Three of the horses had aneurysms of the right aortic sinus, and in 2 of the 3, the aneurysm ruptured, creating a fistula between the aorta and right ventricle. One of these horses had had a murmur since birth, and the aortic sinus aneurysm may have been a congenital anomaly. In a second horse, the aneurysm may have been an acquired condition that developed secondary to chronic aortic regurgitation. Another horse had a large subendocardial hematoma associated with dissection of blood from the aorta to the interventricular septum because of a tear in the aortic root near the right aortic sinus. Ventricular ectopy and signs of abdominal pain were the most common initial signs in these horses.