总被引：1，自引：1，他引：0  

Estela Estoria  John Herbohn  Steve Harrison 《Small-Scale Forestry》2004,3(3):363-384

A study was conducted to assess the role and effectiveness of community organisers in supporting the development of people’s organisations in achieving community-based forest management objectives in Leyte Province Philippines. Community organisers were found to be effective in forming people’s organisations (POs), motivating people to participate in voluntary activities organised by POs and encouraging cohesiveness among PO members. Community organisers manage to raise the level of environmental awareness and knowledge of members of people’s organisations, develop leadership interest and skills, create various livelihood opportunities and provide direction and facilitate the establishment of large tree plantations. However, the short duration of community organisers’ contracts (typically two years) is insufficient to establish mature and cohesive POs prepared to assume management on their own, including the management of tree plantations. Further, lack of training and funding support, low wages, delayed payment of salaries and limited time to work with people’s organisations, as well as the pressure to produce tangible outputs such the establishment of large tree plantations, prevents them from placing greater emphasis on the development and empowerment of the people.  相似文献   

    

Shuzo Sueyoshi 《Journal of Wood Science》2008,54(4):285-288

Floor-impact sounds may introduce noise problems in dwelling-type environments. In particular, floor-impact sounds from lightweight structures like wood-framed buildings should be paid significant attention. In this study, such floor-impact sounds were investigated from the viewpoint of residents. The floor specifications of wood-framed structures were improved by using high-density underlay, and heavy floor-impact sounds were evaluated by using both psychoacoustical and conventional methods. The results showed that the floor-impact sound insulation grades specified in the Japanese Industrial Standards (JIS) did not correspond to the floor specifications of wood-framed structures. The nonstationary loudness, which is a psychoacoustical index for nonstationary sounds, changed with the specifications of wood-framed structures in a wider range of floor-impact sound levels in comparison with the maximum A-weighted sound pressure level, which is a single-number index of the JIS.  相似文献   

    

Hai‐Hong Zhao  Qing‐Lian Wang  Yuan‐Zhi Fu 《Plant Breeding》2014,133(3):390-400

Plant architecture is important for cotton cultivation and breeding. In this study, two mapping generations/populations F₂ and F_2:3 in Upland cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.), derived from ‘Baimian1’ and TM‐1, were used to identify quantitative trait loci (QTLs) for 10 plant architecture traits. A total of 55 main‐effect QTLs (M‐QTLs) were detected. Four common M‐QTLs, qTFB‐10(F₂/F_2:3) for total fruit branches, qFBL‐26b(F₂)/qFBL‐26(F_2:3) for fruit branch length, qFBA‐5(F₂/F_2:3) for fruit branch angle and qFBN‐26b(F₂)/qFBN‐26(F_2:3) for fruit branch nodes, were found. The synergistic alleles and the negative alleles can be utilized in cotton plant architecture breeding programmes according to specific breeding objectives. Altogether 54 pairs of epistatic QTLs (E‐QTLs) exhibiting the interactions of additive‐by‐additive (AA), additive‐by‐dominant (AD), dominant‐by‐additive (DA) and dominant‐by‐dominant (DD) were detected. The epistasis appeared to be an important contributor to genetic variation in cotton plant architecture traits. Therefore, the identified markers associated with E‐QTLs as well as M‐QTLs will be of importance in future breeding programmes to develop cotton cultivars exhibiting desirable plant architecture.  相似文献   

    

Diego M. Viteri  Angela M. Linares 《Euphytica》2017,213(8):199

Ashy stem blight (ASB) caused by Macrophomina phaseolina (Tassi) Goidanich (Mp) is a devastating seed-transmitted disease in common bean in the tropics. The identification of resistant cultivars throughout the cropping season contributes to disease management. Resistance is found in the primary and tertiary gene pools. Our objectives were to determine (1) the reaction of Phaseolus spp. genotypes to two Mp isolates at vegetative and reproductive stages, (2) the area under disease progress curve (AUDPC), and (3) resistant plants per genotype at harvest. Twenty-three genotypes from different origins were planted in the greenhouse in 2016 and 2017. One less-aggressive Mp (PRJD16) and one more-aggressive (PRI16) isolate were inoculated one and three times, respectively, by the cut-stem method. ‘Beníquez’, ‘Othello’, and ‘Verano’ were highly susceptible (mean scores >8.0, and AUDPC values from 264.6 to 300.8) to both isolates. BAT 477 and NY6020-4 were intermediate (5.6 and 6.2; AUDPC: 161.6 and 187.1) to PRJD16 and susceptible (7.4 and 8.2; AUDPC: 209.4 and 235.1) to PRI16. Resistant genotypes (mean scores ≤3) were not identified in this study. However, A 195, ‘Badillo’, and ‘PC 50’ possessed lower mean scores (4.3–5.4) and AUDPC values (126.4–150.9) to both isolates. Furthermore, A 195 had the highest percentage of resistant plants (55.6%) followed by PC 50, I9365-31, and PI 321637 (27.8%) to PRJD16 at harvest. Thus, the identification of resistant parents across Phaseolus species is necessary to increase the levels of ASB resistance in common bean cultivars throughout the entire cropping season.  相似文献   

    

Mehdi Trad  Carine Le Bourvellec  Hmida Ben Hamda  Catherine M. G. C. Renard  Mounira Harbi 《Euphytica》2017,213(11):242

Flavan-3-ol monomers and polymers composition of seeds from wild (17) and autochthonous (8) Vitis vinifera grapes growing in northern Tunisia were evaluated. Wild grape seeds were spherical with a small beak and relatively a high seed/berry ratio (~ 18.1%w/w). Local cultivars developed pyriform-shaped seeds with a well-developed beak representing on average 2.2% of total weight of the berry. Flavanol concentrations ranged between 40.9 and 67.5 mg/g FW in seeds from wild accessions and between 48.9 and 96.7 mg/g FW in seeds from cultivated grapes. Differences between accessions were highly significant (p < 0.01) and seeds from cultivar ‘Boukhasla’ showed the highest polyphenols content. Among flavan-3-ol monomers, (+)-catechin was predominant for all ecotypes and generally their abundance was: (+)-catechin (Cat) > (?)-epicatechin (Ec) > (?)-epicatechin-3-O-gallate (EcG). The Cat/Ec ratio was approximately 1.7 for wild grapes while it was about 2.5 for cultivated grapes. Procyanidins in wild seeds differed from cultivated ones by a lower mDP and higher proportions of galloylated derivatives, likely to affect fruit bitterness and astringency. (?)-epicatechin was the main extension subunit in grape seed procyanidins, reaching on average 52% in wild and 58% in cultivated seeds. Hierarchical cluster analysis based on seeds morphometry and procyanidin profile indicated close proximity between some wild and cultivated grapes suggesting that some cultivars derived from ancestral events of local domestication or cross hybridization with native wild plants.  相似文献   

    

Aye Nyein Chan  Shutu Xu  YaQin Shi  YaNan Li  Ali Farhan  DongWei Guo  JiQuan Xue 《Euphytica》2017,213(1):12

Association mapping was conducted to explore favorable alleles of the chlorophyll-related non-yellow coloring 1 (NYC1) gene under light and dark using an association panel of 146 maize inbred lines. A total of 14 polymorphic sites were identified to be significantly associated with at least one of the chlorophyll-related traits at the seedling stage. Four single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) (S320, S2951, S3901, and S3355) from the NYC1 gene were respectively strongly associated with chlorophyll b (chlb), the ratio of chlorophyll a to chlorophyll b (chl_ratio), chlorophyll a degradation (chla_deg), and total chlorophyll degradation (total_chl_deg). SNPs S320 (C/A) in exon 1, and S2951 (A/G) in intron 8 was related to chlb, with 6.01 and 8.89% of phenotypic variation under light treatment, respectively. Under dark treatment, SNP S3901 (C/T), located in 3′ untranslated region (3′UTR), was associated with chl_ratio, explaining 7.01% of the observed phenotypic variation, whereas SNP S3355 (C/G) in intron 9 explained 6.48 and 5.18% of phenotypic variations in chla_deg and total_chl_deg, respectively. Taken together, these results indicated that the NYC1 gene plays an important role in chlorophyll content and other related traits, and different sites act on chlorophyll metabolism under different light intensities in maize seedlings. Furthermore, these findings improve our understanding of the genetic basis of chlorophyll metabolism under different light conditions.  相似文献   

    

Farzaneh Fakhari  Hossein Sadeghi 《Journal of Crop Science and Biotechnology》2016,19(1):109-115

Despite the importance of pod removal in the seeds of annual medics, there have been few studies carried out in this area. In this research, the role of pod removal in growth and biochemical enzyme activities was examined in three annual medic species during drought stress and subsequent recovery. This study was carried out as a factorial experiment based on a completely randomized design. The treatments were carried out on annual medic species of three levels: Medicago rigidula, M. scutellata, M. polymorpha, presence or removal of the pod and water stress. Water stress was split into the following four levels: 100%, 80%, 60%, and 40% field capacity (FC) during the stress period. The results showed that drought stress and subsequent recovery increased proline content and antioxidant enzyme activity. The highest proline content and antioxidant enzyme activity was observed in M. Scutellata. However, the rate at which proline increased, decreased at 40% FC whereas the antioxidant enzyme reached their highest activity at 40% FC. The antioxidant enzymes’ activity and proline content without the pod experiment were significantly higher than with the pod experiment. Since the activation of an antioxidant system and the increasing of the proline content helps the plants with stress induced damages, our results indicated that elimination of pods of annual medics before sowing helps seedlings to perform better under drought stress. This data is useful to gain a better understanding of the physiological basis of the changes in drought resistance as well as the crop breeding projects.  相似文献   

    

Tanvir H. Dar  Rubiada Shakeel  Shusheel Verma 《Journal of Crop Science and Biotechnology》2018,21(1):43-55

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Waraluk Kasettranan  Prakit Somta  Peerasak Srinives 《Journal of Crop Science and Biotechnology》2010,13(3):155-161

Powdery mildew disease in mungbean is caused by the fungus, Erysiphe polygoni D.C. We identified two quantitative trait loci (QTLs) controlling resistance to the disease in a RIL population of 190 F₇ lines. The population was developed from the cross between a susceptible cultivar, “Kamphaeng Saen 1” and a resistant line, “VC6468-11-1A”. Reaction to the disease was evaluated for resistance in field and greenhouse conditions. Results from analysis of variance revealed that 15 SSR loci on three linkage groups (LG) associated with the resistance. Composite interval mapping consistently identified two QTLs on two LGs, qPMR-1 and qPMR-2, conferring the resistance. qPMR-1 and qPMR-2 accounted for 20.10 and 57.81% of the total variation for plant response to the disease, respectively. Comparison based on common markers used in our and previous studies suggested that qPMR-2 is possibly the same as the major QTL reported earlier using another resistant source. The SSR markers flanking and closely linked to qPMR-1 (CEDG282 and CEDG191) and qPMR-2 (MB-SSR238 and CEDG166) are useful for marker-assisted selection for mungbean resistance to powdery mildew.  相似文献   

    

Reza Mohammadi  Sayyed Saeid Pourdad 《Euphytica》2009,165(2):313-324

The present investigation was carried out to estimate the interrelationships and repeatabilities of various variability parameters, i.e., genotypic (σ²g) and phenotypic (σ²p) variances, genotypic (GCV) and phenotypic (PCV) coefficients of variation, broad-sense heritability (h_b²), genetic advance (GA), and genetic gain (GG), using data derived from a number of plant characters [seed yield (SY), days to heading (DH) and maturity (DM), plant height (PH), and thousand kernel weight (TKW)] of 17 spring safflower genotypes grown in 27 environments in Iran during 2003–2005. The analysis of variance for the five characters revealed significant differences among the genotypes in most of the environments, indicating a very high variability within the genotype. High genotypic and phenotypic variances in the quantitative traits, particularly for SY, were markers of increased success. A close correlation between GCV and PCV was observed for all the traits, indicating that all of the characters were less influenced by the environment and that the variability which exists in these characters is under genetic influence; however, the relatively higher values of PCV indicate the predominant role of environment. High expected genetic advances were observed for SY, but this trait showed large fluctuations in different environments (97.4%). High and low mean values of heritability were observed for DH (74.3%) and SY (59.7%), respectively, whereas high and low mean values of genetic gain were found for SY (60.3%) and DM (4.2%), respectively. High heritability coupled with low GA as a percentage of the mean was observed for DH and MD, whereas moderate heritability with moderate GA as a percentage of the mean was exhibited for SY. Analysis of correlation among the parameters showed that they were strongly and constantly correlated with each other, but none of them were consistently well correlated with the heritability parameter (h_b²). Based on estimates of the genetic variability parameters within each trial, the ranking of genotypes in the low-performance subset for all traits differed from that in the high-performance subset. This result indicates poor repeatability for the genetic variability parameters. The estimates of the parameters in the multi-year trials were almost constant and repeatable, whereas the responses over years showed poor repeatability.  相似文献