Genetic analysis and genotype × environment (G × E) for grey leaf spot disease resistance in elite African maize (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Zea mays</Emphasis> L.) germplasm

Maize grey leaf spot (GLS) disease remains an important foliar disease in sub-Saharan Africa accounting for more than 25% yield losses in maize. Information on inheritance of GLS resistance of germplasm adapted to African environments is required in new sources being identified. Therefore, hybrids generated from a 10 × 10 half-diallel mating of tropical advanced maize inbred lines were evaluated in six environments to determine combining ability, genotype × environment interaction (G × E) and the impact of GLS disease on grain yield. General combining ability effects were highly significant and accounted for 72 and 68% of the variation for GLS resistance and grain yield, respectively. Significant specific combining ability effects associated with reduced disease levels were observed in some hybrids when one parent was resistant, and these may be exploited in developing single cross maize hybrids. Regression analysis showed a 260–320 kg ha^?1 decrease in maize grain yield per each increase in GLS disease severity score, and significant associations (r = ?0.31 to ?0.60) were observed between grain yield and GLS severity scores. This showed the potential of GLS disease to reduce yield in susceptible varieties grown under favourable disease conditions, without control measures. Genotype and genotype × environment biplots and correlation analysis indicated that the significant G × E observed was not due to changes in hybrid ranking, implying absence of a significant crossover interaction. Therefore, predominance of additive gene effects imply that breeding progress for GLS disease resistance would be made through selection and this could be achieved at a few hot-spot sites, such as Baynesfield and Cedara locations in South Africa, and still deploy the resistant germplasm to other environments in which they are adapted.     

Genetic analysis and associated SRAP markers for flowering traits of chrysanthemum (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Chrysanthemum morifolium</Emphasis>)

The inheritance of two flowering traits of chrysanthemum, initial blooming time and the duration of flowering, was investigated using segregation within an F ₁ population derived from a cross between the autumn-flowering ‘Yuhualuoying’ and the summer-flowering ‘Aoyunhanxiao’ cultivars. The analysis, based on a single segregating generation and the major gene plus polygene mixed inheritance model, showed that the inheritance of both traits was compatible with the presence of two pairs of major genes displaying additivity–dominance–epistasis, with additivity predominating. As the heritability of both pairs of major genes was high (initial blooming time ~65%, duration of flowering ~72%), it should be possible to select for both traits in early breeding generations. A marker-trait association analysis based on sequence-related amplified polymorphism (SRAP) genotyping uncovered 10 (initial blooming time) and 12 (duration of flowering) markers significantly associated with phenotype, cumulatively explaining, respectively, 46 and 54% of the variation. Some potentially useful markers were identified.     

高等教育自学考试面向农村服务网络体系建设

高等教育自学考试面向农村延伸是农村社会、经济发展的迫切要求,服务网络体系建设是实现高等教育自学考试向农村延伸的有效途径。探讨了高等教育自学考试向农村延伸的运作方式和有效途径,即建立以市、县、乡三级网站为硬件支撑,充分发挥宣传、管理、服务功能,教材资料(含电视教学片)与助学辅导体系相配套,强化实践环节教学与技能培养为主要内容的高等教育自学考试面向农村的服务网络体系。     

大豆产量形成期光合速率和库源调节效应

大豆品种８９１２、８７１６、３０９３５１、２１９２０１和鲁豆４号的倒１叶和倒３叶的光合速率在初花期达到高峰,尔后下降。去叶处理的去叶节的有效荚数、总荚数和粒重均低于不去叶节。各去叶处理中,去２／３叶的去叶节和不去叶节有效荚数、总荚数和粒重最低,去１／２叶次之,去１／３叶第三,去分枝叶最高,但都低于对照。去除一部分秕荚和后期荚,单株粒重有所增加,去除分枝荚明显增加主茎粒重,但降低大豆单株粒重。     

Molecular markers for improving control of soil-borne pathogen <Emphasis Type="Italic">Fusarium oxysporum</Emphasis> in sugar beet

Fusarium spp. cause severe damage in many agricultural crops, including sugar beet, with Fusarium oxysporum historically being considered as the most damaging of all species. Sugar beet needs to be protected from this class of soil-borne pathogens in order to ensure an optimal sugar yield in the field. Genetic control of the disease is crucial in managing these pathogens. Identification of single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) markers linked to resistance can be a powerful tool for the introgression of valuable genes needed to develop Fusarium-resistant varieties. A candidate gene approach was carried out to identify SNP markers linked to putative Fusarium resistance sources in sugar beet. Five resistant analogue genes (RGAs) were screened by means of high resolution melting (HRM) analysis in a set of sugar beet lines, considered as resistant and susceptible to Fusarium oxysporum. HRM polymorphisms were observed in 80% of amplicons. Two HRM polymorphisms were significantly associated with Fusarium resistance (P < 0.05). The amplicons that showed association were sequenced and two SNPs were identified. The association was further validated on 96 susceptible and 96 resistant plants using competitive allele-specific PCR (KASPar) technology. The selected SNPs could be used for marker-assisted breeding of Fusarium resistance in sugar beet.     

Reaction of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Phaseolus</Emphasis> spp. genotypes to ashy stem blight caused by <Emphasis Type="Italic">Macrophomina phaseolina</Emphasis>

Ashy stem blight (ASB) caused by Macrophomina phaseolina (Tassi) Goidanich (Mp) is a devastating seed-transmitted disease in common bean in the tropics. The identification of resistant cultivars throughout the cropping season contributes to disease management. Resistance is found in the primary and tertiary gene pools. Our objectives were to determine (1) the reaction of Phaseolus spp. genotypes to two Mp isolates at vegetative and reproductive stages, (2) the area under disease progress curve (AUDPC), and (3) resistant plants per genotype at harvest. Twenty-three genotypes from different origins were planted in the greenhouse in 2016 and 2017. One less-aggressive Mp (PRJD16) and one more-aggressive (PRI16) isolate were inoculated one and three times, respectively, by the cut-stem method. ‘Beníquez’, ‘Othello’, and ‘Verano’ were highly susceptible (mean scores >8.0, and AUDPC values from 264.6 to 300.8) to both isolates. BAT 477 and NY6020-4 were intermediate (5.6 and 6.2; AUDPC: 161.6 and 187.1) to PRJD16 and susceptible (7.4 and 8.2; AUDPC: 209.4 and 235.1) to PRI16. Resistant genotypes (mean scores ≤3) were not identified in this study. However, A 195, ‘Badillo’, and ‘PC 50’ possessed lower mean scores (4.3–5.4) and AUDPC values (126.4–150.9) to both isolates. Furthermore, A 195 had the highest percentage of resistant plants (55.6%) followed by PC 50, I9365-31, and PI 321637 (27.8%) to PRJD16 at harvest. Thus, the identification of resistant parents across Phaseolus species is necessary to increase the levels of ASB resistance in common bean cultivars throughout the entire cropping season.     

Prediction of parental combination for introduction of stay-green associated loci in wheat

In wheat, the increase of yield and stability associated traits can be achieved by combining parents containing the stay-green trait and favorable alleles for grain yield. The aim of this work was to analyze the genetic dissimilarity between wheat lines from stay-green and synchronized maturation groups and elite cultivars. Moreover, to propose promising combinations seeking the selection of high-grain yield and high bread-making quality genotypes containing stay-green trait. The experiment was conducted in a randomized block design with three replications in 2003, 2004, and 2005, using sister-lines with the presence and absence of stay-green trait and elite cultivars. Genetic variability exists among wheat strains from the synchronized stay-green maturation group and elite cultivars. Genotypes of maturation group stay-green obtained an average performance superior to the synchronized group. Crosses between stay-green lines and the CEP 29 and BRS 177 cultivars are promising in the selection of genotypes carrying the stay-green trait with high yield and bread-making quality.     

水稻抽穗期功能叶叶型相关性状遗传分析

本研究以典型的籼粳交（春江06／台中本地1号）F1经花药培养产生的双单倍体（DH）群体为材料,考察了该群体及其双亲抽穗期功能叶的叶长、叶宽和叶倾角。结果表明,相邻功能叶的叶型特征有极显著的相关性。所考察的有关性状在DH群体中均表现连续分布,且有一定数量的超亲个体,呈多基因控制的数量性状特征。QTL分析共检测到52个水稻抽穗期功能叶叶型有关的QTL,它们分布于除第5染色体外的其他11条染色体上,贡献率介于6．27％---23．30％之间。增效等位基因的聚合能明显调节不同叶位功能叶的叶型,并对其在常规稻和杂交稻的育种应用前景进行了探讨。     

不同增温措施对西南山区春玉米产量的影响

对西南山区春玉米采用起垄直播覆膜、起垄覆膜育苗打孔移栽、起垄直播覆膜再加苗期拱棚双增温3种增温措施,研究不同增温措施对春玉米生育期、叶面积指数、干物质积累与分配及产量的影响。试验结果表明,3种增温措施使春玉米的生育时期提前,缩短生育期17～19d,提高春玉米不同生育时期叶面积指数,增加"光合源",提高干物质积累及最终向子粒库的转运(收获指数),增产幅度分别达11.48%、9.85%和14.93%,提高经济效益分别达571元/hm2、164元/hm2和256元/hm2。综合以上试验结果,西南山区春玉米生产栽培中以起垄直播覆膜为宜。     

水稻OsABCC10基因的克隆及其功能分析

ABCC蛋白为ABC转运蛋白超家族中的一个亚家族,主要参与将各种分子从细胞质输出到外部介质或细胞器基质的过程。为了研究OsABCC10基因是否参与水稻Na+的运输,本研究从水稻基因组中克隆出OsABCC10基因,该基因cDNA全长4539 bp,编码1513个氨基酸。OsABCC10基因表达分析发现,其主要在水稻根中表达,表达量随盐处理浓度的升高及处理时间的延长而增强,表明OsABCC10基因的表达受盐胁迫的调控。亚细胞定位分析证实OsABCC10定位于液泡膜上。盐胁迫条件下,与野生型相比,osabcc10突变体表现出对盐更敏感,而且木质部汁液中Na+浓度升高。然而,当OsABCC10基因导入野生型酵母菌株BY4741表达时,与对照组实验相比,有OsABCC10表达的酵母细胞的生长受到了抑制。该结果与植物生理实验结果相反,这可能与OsABCC10蛋白在酵母中的定位有关。本研究初步推测OsABCC10基因参与水稻Na^+的转运,是一个新的耐盐基因。