Evolution of soil microbial biomass in restoration process of Robinia pseudoacacia plantations in an eroded environment

Vegetation recovery is a key measure to improve ecosystems in the Loess Plateau in China. To understand the evolution of soil microorganisms in forest plantations in the hilly areas of the Loess Plateau, the soil microbial biomass, microbial respiration and physical and chemical properties of the soil of Robinia pseudoacacia plantations were studied. In this study, eight forest soils of different age classes were used to study the evolution of soil microbial biomass, while a farmland and a native forest community of Platycladus orientalis L. were chosen as controls. By measuring soil microbial biomass, metabolic quotient, and physical and chemical properties, it can be concluded that soil quality was improved steadily after planting. Soil microbial biomass of C, N and P (SMBC, SMBN and SMBP) increased significantly after 10 to 15 years of afforestation and vegetation recovery. A relatively stable state of soil microbial biomass was maintained in near-mature or mature plantations. There was an increase of soil microbial biomass appearing at the end of the mature stage. After 50 years of afforestation and vegetation recovery, compared with those in farmland, the soil microbial biomass of C, N and P increased by 213%, 201% and 83% respectively, but only accounting for 51%, 55% and 61% of the increase in P. orientalis forest. Microbial soil respiration was enhanced in the early stages, and then weakened in the later stage after restoration, which was different from the change of soil organic carbon. The metabolic quotient (qCO₂) was significantly higher in the soils of the P. orientalis forest than that in farmland at the early restoration stage and then decreased rapidly. After 25 years of afforestation and vegetation recovery, qCO₂ in soils of the R. pseudoacacia forest was lower than that in the farmland soil, and reached a minimum after 50 years, which was close to that of the P. orientalis forest. A significant relationship was found among soil microbial biomass, qCO₂ and physical and chemical properties and restoration duration. Therefore, we conclude that it is possible to artificially improve the ecological environment and soil quality in the hilly area of the Loess Plateau; a long time, even more than 100 years, is needed to reach the climax of the present natural forest. __________ Translated from Acta Ecologica Sinica, 2007, 27(3): 909–917 [译自: 生态学报]     

Age structure of Tilia broad-leaved Korean pine forest on northern slope of Changbai Mountain

IntroductionAgestructureoftrees,whichreflcctsrcge11eratio11processandvelocity,meansquantityoftreesdividingbyage.Broad-leavedKoreanpineforestwastl1etypicalzol1alvegetationofChangbaiMountaininNortheastO1ina,anditwastheprimarygymnospermconununitysurvivedaftertheQuatemaryGlacierPeriod.Alotofcommunityinf`)r-mationaccumulatCdinthestr-uctllreofforeststandsa11dgrowingprocessofindividualtrees.So,athoroughstUdyonagestructureanditsdistributiol1ofbroad-leavedKore-anpine.forestwouldprovidetl1eoretical…     

九峰科技植物资源现状与保护对策

经过查阅历史档案、询问当事人及外业核查、调查,结果表明:九峰地区现有39块试验现场,面积124.7hm^2;实施各类科技项目53项,项目规模面积140.25hm^2,涉及裸子、被子等植物73科,150属,194种(类),已形成科技植物群体;在九峰森林植物本底调查、林木种质资源收集与保存、林木品种遗传改良及繁殖技术等13个学科方向及近120个植物品种开发研究方面取得了重大突破和创新;鉴于九峰科技植物资源现状,本文提出了相应的保护对策与措施。     

堆体大小对猪粪堆肥影响和袋装堆肥的研究

研究了堆体大小对堆肥的影响以及堆制10 d的物料袋装堆肥的可行性。试验将猪粪和秸秆按一定比例混合均匀后分800 kg、400 kg和200 kg三种规格堆制40 d，另设800 kg组物料堆制10 d后转移分装到袋中继续堆制至40 d。每天上午、下午测定堆温，并于堆制第1、5、10、20、30和40 d取物料测定C/N比、水溶性碳、总腐殖质、氨态氮和硝态氮。结果表明，400 kg和800 kg组经40 d左右可以达到腐熟，而200 kg组不能完成彻底的有机质分解。与非袋装组比较，袋装堆肥堆制结束(40 d)物料的C/N比较低、腐殖质和氨态氮相近、水溶性碳和硝态氮较高。袋装法简单经济，占地少，便于畜牧场和农村推广应用。     

灌溉小麦优质高产生态栽培优化数学模型研究

运用农业系统工程原理,采用三因子二次饱和D最优设计方案[8],选取对小麦产量影响较大的播期x1、播量x2和施肥量x3为调控因子[5] [7],以每公顷 产量y为目标函数研究灌溉小麦优质高产生态栽培优化数学模型。结果表明,在试验设计条件下,影响灌溉小麦产量的各生态因素权重依次为播期x1＞播量x2＞施肥量x3,依据建立的模型,目标产量在7500～9000kg/hm2时,灌溉小麦优质高产最佳农艺方案为：播期x1 10月2日～5日,播量x2 145.91～211.76万粒/ hm2,施肥量x3纯N、P（N∶P2O5=1∶1）191.83～304.73 kg/hm2。本研究为灌溉小麦优质高产生态栽培提供科学依据。     

甘蓝型油菜萝卜细胞质雄性不育系的研究

本文报道的甘蓝型油菜萝卜细胞质雄性不育花药发育的细胞学特征和某些生化特性是:①不育系的雄蕊发生不育的形式多样,多数雄蕊的结构完整,但不能形成正常的花粉;一部分短雄蕊的花药完全退化;有一些长雄蕊两个给合在一起,一部分药囊退化。②不育系的雌性较强,一部分不育植株花器官的雄蕊和雌蕊的子房外面生长有很多发育完全的子房外胚珠。③不育系花器官各部分的过氧化物酶同工酶谱与保持系都有差异。④组织化学分析表明,不育系的花粉在发生败育的过程中,其细胞色素氧化酶、多酚氧化酶和ATP酶的活性都比保持系的弱,而过氧化物酶的活性比保持系的强。不育系花药的部分药壁细胞的过氧化物酶和细胞色素氧化酶的活性比保持系的强,而多酚氧化酶和ATP酶的活性则相反。     

玉米自交系遗传关系的SSR标记分析

选用系谱明确的和系谱来源复杂的38个玉米自交系为材料,在玉米基因组上均匀选取62个SSR引物进行遗传关系分析：(ⅰ)分析SSR引物在这些自交系中的差异程度;(ⅱ)进行自交系的类群划分;(ⅲ) 明确SSR标记在不同来源类型玉米自交系的类群划分和遗传关系分析上的应用价值。62对SSR引物共检测到238个等位基因变异,平均每个位点的等位基因数4.08个,平均多态性信息量(PIC)0.612,平均标记索引系数(MI)2.58,三个指标对标记多态性的分析不完全一致。UPGMA聚类分析将38个玉米自交系分为瑞德、旅大红骨、塘四平头、兰卡斯特、P1、P2和热带素湾7个类群,划群结果与系谱基本吻合,同时对系谱来源复杂的自交系进行分析,明确了它们的归属。     

棉花高密度种植群体结构的研究

通过对棉花3种高密度种植模式与常规种植模式进行试验,研究不同密度棉花个体及群体营养生长、生殖生长的变化规律。结果表明：随着种植密度的增加,个体生长发育减弱,而群体的生长发育则以株距加密（26.1万株/hm2）的模式最强,表现群体结铃数多、产量最高。在产量构成中,棉株中下部铃占总产的85%以上,而棉株内围铃占总产的90%。据此认为,在进行棉花高密度栽培生产时,应选用株型紧凑的Ⅰ、Ⅱ类分枝型品种,中等肥力田,采用株距加密（理论株数26.1万株/hm2）的模式进行种植,并加强管理,促进中下部多结玲,可望实现更加理想的产量。     

四倍体酸枣组培苗移栽研究

以四倍体酸枣生根组培苗为试材,研究炼苗天数、基质种类、空气相对湿度、组培苗高度、根条数及移栽时间对组培苗移栽成活率和生长的影响。结果表明：移栽应在4月底至6月进行,在此时期选择高度大于5 cm,根7条以上的组培苗,经炼苗3天,移栽至纯蛭石或珍珠岩与土（1:1）或蛭石与土（1:1）中,移栽前期保持空气相对湿度在90%以上,移栽成活率可达70%以上。     

基于GIMMS NDVI 3g.v1的近34年青海省植被生长季NDVI时空变化特征

在气候变化和人类活动的综合影响下,青海省生态环境发生了明显变化。在此背景下,以GIMMS NDVI 3g.v1为数据源,采用Sen+Mann-Kendal方法研究青海省1982-2015年植被覆盖区域NDVI时空变化,将趋势分析和R/S(rescaled range analysis)分析叠加,研究植被生长季NDVI变化的持续性特征,并揭示植被对气候变化及人类活动的响应规律。结果表明:1)近34年青海省植被NDVI整体呈从西北到东南的增加趋势;且变异系数显示,波动性较大地区集中在柴达木盆地周边和青南牧区西北部等植被NDVI较低的区域,波动性较小地区集中在祁连山东部、东部农业区和青南牧区东南部等植被NDVI较高的区域。2)近34年青海省植被NDVI整体呈增加趋势,增长率为0.38%·10a~(-1);且NDVI变化具有明显的阶段性,存在1994年和2000年两个突变点。3)近34年青海省植被改善区域(75.4%)远大于退化区域(24.6%),其中显著改善面积占植被覆盖区域面积的40.9%,退化区随时间变化在空间上表现出明显的转移现象。4)Hurst指数表明,青海省植被变化反持续性较强,趋势分析与Hurst指数叠加得出,由退化转为改善的区域占植被覆盖区面积的13.7%,由改善转为退化的区域占植被覆盖区面积的44.3%,另41.5%的区域无法确定未来变化趋势。5)青海省植被生长季NDVI受气候变化和人类活动的双重影响,且不同植被类型对气候变化的响应存在较大差异。