家蚕新品种“野三元”农村试养简报

2011年秋季以871×872家蚕品种作对照,在农村试养"野三元"一代杂交种,调查其品种性状表现及丝质情况。初步表明:家蚕新品种"野三元"抗病、好养、高产,适合在阳城县推广。     

轮作作物对连作香蕉园玄武岩砖红壤综合质量的影响

海南玄武岩砖红壤香蕉园的连作生物障碍严重,轮作是缓解香蕉园连作生物障碍最有效的方式之一。本研究使用主成分分析法结合实测数据,根据不同土壤指标的敏感程度以及指标间的相关度筛选出的土壤pH、速效钾、有效磷、碱解氮、有机质、细菌总数、真菌总数、放线菌总数、线虫数、香蕉枯萎病病原菌数量10项指标对5种轮作模式下的香蕉园土壤质量进行综合评价。结果表明:土壤质量综合评价指数可以较好地反映土壤实际的质量,并能够在一定程度上反映香蕉的产量及发病状况,是较为理想的土壤评价指标;用所得到的综合评价指数对5种轮作模式及香蕉连作进行对比可以发现轮作能有效地提高土壤质量,降低香蕉发病率,提高香蕉产量,其中菠萝、甘蔗、辣椒、冬瓜4种作物相对适合香蕉的轮作。     

镉对菠菜生长影响的基因型差异研究

[目的]研究菠菜对镉的吸收累积基因型差异及镉对菠菜生长的影响,为培育食用部位低镉积累的菠菜品种提供参考。[方法]选取16个品种,采用珍珠岩和蛭石混合培养法种植在镉含量为10mg／L的环境中,研究了镉吸收和积累对菠莱生长及新陈代谢的影响。[结果]结果表明,营养液中镉含量为10mg／L时,可以显著降低菠菜根部和地上部的干重、鲜重和总生物学产量,降低菠菜中叶绿素含量。经镉处理后,菠菜地上部镉含量为129．69～290．15μg／gDW,根部中镉含量为87．26～1487．67μg／gDW。地上部及根部镉含量和镉积累量基因型间存在显著差异。[结论]镉主要累积在菠菜的根部。     

Preoperative prognostic indicators in cattle with abomasal volvulus

A prospective study evaluating preoperative prognostic indicators in 80 cattle with abomasal volvulus was done. Surgical correction of the abomasal volvulus was performed in all animals. After surgery, cattle were categorized into 3 groups: productive (acceptable milk production or appetite, n = 59), salvaged (poor milk production or appetite, n = 10), and nonsurvivors (n = 11). Mean values for study variables did not differ significantly between salvaged and nonsurvivor groups. Cattle in these 2 groups were combined to form a nonproductive group, which was compared with the productive group. Productive cattle had a significantly lower preoperative heart rate than nonproductive cattle, were less dehydrated, had lower serum alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity and serum creatinine concentration, more frequent rumen contractions, higher serum Na+ and Cl- concentrations, and had been inappetent for a shorter period. Significant differences were not detected in blood pH, base excess, anion gap, PCV, and serum K+ concentrations between the 2 groups. Feces from nonproductive cattle tended to be reduced in volume and were significantly darker. A number of preoperative prognostic indices were evaluated by calculating the sensitivity, specificity, and positive predictive value (+PV) of each variable and by using logistic regression. Positive predictive values were generally higher in identifying productive cattle than nonproductive cattle.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)     

Use of formalin-fixed tissues to determine fumonisin B1-induced sphingolipid alterations in swine.

Fumonisin B1 is a mycotoxin that causes lethal pulmonary edema in swine. Sphinganine, sphingosine, and the sphinganine to sphingosine ratio are important biomarkers for fumonisin B1 exposure. Currently, tissues selected for sphinganine and sphingosine analyses are frozen at -80 degrees C until analyses take place. However, for diagnostics and some research projects, formalin is used more routinely as a preservative for long-term storage of tissues. To determine whether formalin-fixed tissues could be used for sphinganine and sphingosine analyses, sphinganine and sphingosine concentrations were quantified in both frozen and formalin-fixed lung, liver, kidney, and heart from fumonisin B1-treated and control pigs. Tissues were evaluated 3 months after freezing and 3, 6, and 12 months after formalin fixation. Sphinganine, sphingosine, and the sphinganine to sphingosine ratio of both frozen and formalin-fixed lung and liver from fumonisin B1-treated pigs were elevated. Formalin-fixed tissues had lower sphinganine and sphingosine concentrations but higher sphinganine to sphingosine ratios than the corresponding frozen tissues. Storage in formalin for up to 12 months did not affect the results. Sphingosine analysis could not be performed in formalin-fixed heart and kidney because of noninterpretable chromatograms. Therefore, formalin-fixed lung and liver can be used to determine fumonisin B1-induced sphinganine and sphingosine alterations in swine, with the sphinganine to sphingosine ratio being the most useful.     

胶合板生产的管理优化分析

运用系统优化设计与决策理论及方法,针对目前我国胶合板企业的生产状况,对生产过程中的管理决策进行探讨.分析如何进行企业产品定位、质量跟踪及反馈;描述生产管理数据库的建立,提出了多种类型产品混合生产的优化管理模式及两种适合胶合板企业决策的方法.     

Modelling the concentration-time relationship in milk from cattle administered an intramammary drug

Whittem, T., Whittem, J. H., Constable, P. D. Modelling the concentration–time relationship in milk from cattle administered an intramammary drug. J. vet. Pharmacol. Therap.  35 , 460–471. Antimicrobial drugs are often infused directly through the streak canal into the bovine udder for the treatment or prevention of mastitis. These infusions have two major problems: drug residues in milk and variable antimicrobial efficacy. Both problems are influenced by the pharmacokinetics of intramammary delivery and elimination of drugs. This pharmacokinetics does not conform to the assumptions of traditional first‐order mamillary pharmacokinetic models. To help understand drug delivery into and elimination from the udder, a new approach to pharmacokinetic modelling of the udder is proposed. This new model was used to predict the movement of drug within the udder and the concentrations of drug achieved within physiological compartments of the udder. These predictions were examined using computer modelling. The model was evaluated using data from in vivo intramammary infusion of cefuroxime. The model predicts that changes in milking efficiency (residual volume), milk productivity and milking frequency can impact both the drug residue persistence and the time that milk drug concentrations exceed the minimum inhibitory concentrations for pathogens. The model provides a new tool for future evaluation of intramammary dosing studies.     

Effect of Orally Administered Cisapride,Bethanechol, and Erythromycin on the Apparent Efficiency of Colostral IgG Absorption in Neonatal Holstein‐Friesian Calves

Objective

To evaluate the effect of orally administered cisapride, bethanechol, and erythromycin on the absorption of colostral IgG in dairy calves.

Animals

Twenty‐four healthy neonatal Holstein‐Friesian calves.

Procedures

Calves were randomly assigned to one of the following treatments: 0.9% NaCl solution (2 mL, PO; negative control); erythromycin lactobionate (20 mg/kg BW, PO; anticipated to be a positive control); cisapride (0.5 mg/kg BW, PO); bethanechol chloride (0.5 mg/kg BW, PO). Calves were fed 3 L of pooled bovine colostrum containing acetaminophen (50 mg/kg) by suckling and oroesophageal intubation 30 minutes after each treatment was administered. Jugular venous blood samples were obtained periodically after the start of feeding and plasma total IgG, protein, acetaminophen, and glucose concentrations determined. Abomasal emptying rate was assessed by the time to maximal plasma acetaminophen concentration.

Results

Oral administration of cisapride facilitated the absorption of colostral IgG and protein. The effect of cisapride on abomasal emptying rate could not be evaluated because cisapride appeared to interfere with acetaminophen metabolism. Based on the total IgG and total protein concentration‐time relationships, the beneficial effects of cisapride appeared to occur early after oral administration and were transient.

Conclusions and Clinical Importance

Additional studies appear indicated to characterize the effect of cisapride dose on the magnitude and duration of its effect on facilitating the absorption of colostral IgG and protein. Identification of a nonantimicrobial method for increasing abomasal emptying rate, such as cisapride, will potentially provide a practical and effective method for facilitating transfer of passive immunity in colostrum‐fed dairy calves.     

Plasma C‐Reactive Protein and Haptoglobin Concentrations in Critically Ill Neonatal Foals

Background

Accurate diagnostic markers for sepsis in neonatal foals are needed. Plasma C‐reactive protein concentration (p[CRP]) and haptoglobin concentration (p[Hp]) are well‐established biomarkers of infection in humans, but studies are lacking in foals.

Hypotheses

p[CRP]) and p[Hp] are increased in septic foals compared to sick nonseptic and healthy control foals, and are predictive of survival.

Animals

Eighty critically ill foals (40 septic, 40 sick nonseptic) and 39 healthy control foals <1 week of age.

Methods

Multicenter, prospective observational clinical study. Venous blood was collected at admission from septic and sick nonseptic foals and from clinically healthy foals at 24 h of age. A diagnosis of sepsis was made based on positive blood culture or a sepsis score >11, and p[CRP] and p[Hp] were measured by using ELISA tests. Data were analyzed by using the Mann‐Whitney U‐test and forward stepwise multivariable linear regression. P < .05 was considered significant.

Results

Plasma [CRP] was positively associated with age, serum globulin, adrenomedullin, and bilirubin concentrations, aspartate aminotransferase activity, glutamyl‐transferase activity, band neutrophil count, and rectal temperature, and was increased in foals with toxic neutrophils, enterocolitis, colic, rib fractures and septic arthritis. Surprisingly, p[Hp] was lower in septic foals than in sick nonseptic foals. Neither p[CRP] or p[Hp] was predictive of survival in critically ill foals.

Conclusions and Clinical Importance

Plasma [CRP] increases with inflammation in neonatal foals but is not indicative of sepsis. Single time point, admission sampling of p[CRP] and p[Hp] do not appear to be useful biomarkers for sepsis in foals.     

Evaluation of an Electrochemical Point‐of‐Care Meter for Measuring Glucose Concentration in Blood from Periparturient Dairy Cattle

Background

The Precision Xtra^® meter is a promising low cost electrochemical point‐of‐care unit for measuring blood glucose concentration ([gluc]) in cattle blood. The meter uses an algorithm that assumes the intra‐erythrocyte [gluc] equals the plasma [gluc] on a molal basis, and that the hematocrit is similar in humans and cattle.

Objectives

The primary objective was to determine the accuracy of the meter for measuring plasma [gluc] in dairy cattle. Secondary objectives were to characterize the influence of hematocrit and sample temperature on the measured value for [gluc].

Animals

A total of 106 periparturient Holstein‐Friesian cattle.

Methods

Blood and plasma samples (1,109) were obtained and Deming regression and Bland–Altman plots were used to determine the accuracy of the meter against the reference method (plasma hexokinase assay). Multivariable regression and linear regression were used to determine the effect of hematocrit and sample temperature on the plasma [gluc] measured by the meter.

Results

Intra‐erythrocyte [gluc] was 18% of plasma [gluc] on a molar basis. Sample temperature had a significant linear effect on plasma [gluc] as measured by the meter for 3/5 plasma samples when measured [gluc] > 160 mg/dL.

Conclusions and clinical importance

The meter utilizes an algorithm that is optimized for human blood and is inaccurate when applied to bovine blood. Until a cattle‐specific algorithm is developed, we recommend using plasma as the analyte instead of blood and calculating plasma [gluc] using the equation: [gluc] = 0.66 × [gluc]_p‐meter + 15, where [gluc]_p‐meter is the value reported by the meter. If blood is measured, then we recommend using the equation: [gluc] = 0.90 × [gluc]_b‐meter + 15.