Ethnoveterinary health management practices using medicinal plants in South Asia – a review

Animal rearing is the major occupation of most population of South Asian countries. Due to lack of resources and limited approach to modern medicine, most of the livestock raisers prefer to use plant-based traditional medicine also referred to as ethnoveterinary medicine (EVM). Indeed, the use of medicinal plants in South Asia dates back to several centuries with documented evidences. However, there is currently a dearth of documentation and compilation of use of medicinal plants for animal diseases in this part of the world. This review aims to provide an up-to-date compilation of common medicinal plants used for the treatment and/or management of common animal diseases in South Asian countries. Extensive literature search was conducted online and relevant data was retrieved from well-known scientific databases. A total of 276 plants belonging to 95 families have been documented to be in common use for managing 14 different categories of animal diseases. Solanaceae, Lamiaceae, Fabaceae, and Leguminosae were most common plant families in terms of their plant species used for EVM. Gastric diseases were commonly reported and accounted for 72 species of plants used for its treatment followed by the miscellaneous disorders category and skin diseases comprising of 65 and 39 plant species respectively. Herbs accounted for 46% of the total plant species, followed by trees (33%), and shrubs (18%). The EVM were applied through different routes of administration; oral administration accounted for 72% followed by topical application 27%, while burning of plant parts to create smoke around animals to repel insects was less common (1%). It is anticipated that the present review will stimulate further ethnoveterinary research among livestock disease management practices in South Asia.     

Pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic relationship of marbofloxacin against Pasteurella multocida in a tissue‐cage model in yellow cattle

The fluoroquinolone antimicrobial drug marbofloxacin was administered to yellow cattle intravenously and intramuscularly at a dose of 2 mg/kg of body weight in a two‐period crossover study. The pharmacokinetic properties of marbofloxacin in serum, inflamed tissue‐cage fluid (exudate), and noninflamed tissue‐cage fluid (transudate) were studied by using a tissue‐cage model. The in vitro and ex vivo activities of marbofloxacin in serum, exudate, and transudate against a pathogenic strain of Pasteurella multocida (P. multocida) were determined. Integration of in vivo pharmacokinetic data with the in vitro MIC provided mean values for the area under the curve (AUC)/MIC for serum, exudate, and transudate of 155.75, 153.00, and 138.88, respectively, after intravenous dosing and 160.50, 151.00, and 137.63, respectively, after intramuscular dosing. After intramuscular dosing, the maximum concentration/MIC ratios for serum, exudate, and transudate were 21.13, 9.13, and 8.38, respectively. The ex vivo growth inhibition data after intramuscular dosing were fitted to the inhibitory sigmoid E_max equation to provide the values of AUC/MIC required to produce bacteriostasis, bactericidal activity, and elimination of bacteria. The respective values for serum were 17.25, 31.29, and 109.62, and slightly lower values were obtained for transudate and exudate. It is proposed that these findings might be used with MIC₅₀ or MIC₉₀ data to provide a rational approach to the design of dosage schedules which optimize efficacy in respect of bacteriological as well as clinical cures.     

CRISPR/Cas9介导的基因组编辑技术及应用研究进展

成簇的规律间隔的短回文重复序列及其相关蛋白系统(Clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats,CRISPR/CRISPR-associated nuclease system,CRISPR/Cas)是广泛存在于细菌和古细菌的适应性免疫系统,其中由Ⅱ型CRISPR/Cas系统改造而来的第三代基因组编辑技术——CRISPR/Cas9系统已广泛应用于生命科学研究的多个领域。本文主要从CRISPR/Cas9系统的发现、作用原理、应用进展及与其他新兴的基因组编辑技术的对比等四个方面进行阐述,重点介绍其最新研究进展,并展望了CRISPR/Cas9系统的应用前景。     

Tenogenic induction of equine mesenchymal stem cells by means of growth factors and low-level laser technology

Tendons regenerate poorly due to a dense extracellular matrix and low cellularity. Cellular therapies aim to improve tendon repair using mesenchymal stem cells and tenocytes; however, a current limitation is the low proliferative potential of tenocytes in cases of severe trauma. The purpose of this study was to develop a method useful in veterinary medicine to improve the differentiation of Peripheral Blood equine mesenchymal stem cells (PB-MSCs) into tenocytes. PB-MSCs were used to study the effects of the addition of some growth factors (GFs) as TGFβ3 (transforming growth factor), EGF2 (Epidermal growth factor), bFGF2 (Fibroblast growth factor) and IGF-1 (insulin-like growth factor) in presence or without Low Level Laser Technology (LLLT) on the mRNA expression levels of genes important in the tenogenic induction as Early Growth Response Protein-1 (EGR1), Tenascin (TNC) and Decorin (DCN). The singular addition of GFs did not show any influence on the mRNA expression of tenogenic genes whereas the specific combinations that arrested cell proliferation in favour of differentiation were the following: bFGF2 + TGFβ3 and bFGF2 + TGFβ3 + LLLT. Indeed, the supplement of bFGF2 and TGFβ3 significantly upregulated the expression of Early Growth Response Protein-1 and Decorin, while the use of LLLT induced a significant increase of Tenascin C levels. In conclusion, the present study might furnish significant suggestions for developing an efficient approach for tenocyte induction since the external administration of bFGF2 and TGFβ3, along with LLLT, influences the differentiation of PB-MSCs towards the tenogenic fate.     

我国动物疫病风险评估研究热点和趋势——基于CiteSpace的可视化分析

为探究我国动物疫病传播风险评估的研究热点及趋势,以2000—2019年“中国知网”（CNKI）数据库收录的348篇动物疫病风险评估相关文献为研究对象,利用CiteSpace软件对文献进行时空分析和内容分析。时空分析显示,这20年间动物疫病风险评估文献数量呈现从少到多再减少的动态过程,各大研究机构合作较少。内容分析显示,研究热点主要涉及“风险评估”“风险分析”和“动物疫病防控”等方面。提示研究机构应加大动物疫病风险评估研究力度,加强各大研究机构间的合作,推进动物疫病风险评估的研究、分析、监管,完善预警机制,进一步提升我国动物疫病防控水平。本研究可为深化动物疫病风险评估研究、实践和预警提供参考。     

山羊甘肃棘豆中毒睾丸、附睾的病理学研究

山羊甘肃棘豆中毒睾丸、附睾的病理学研究丁伯良，王建辰，薛登民，贾维真，王淑娥（西北农业大学兽医系，杨陵７１２１００）马远莉（陕西省农科院农业测试中心）摘要对６只１０月龄西农莎能奶山羊公羊每日按１０ｇ／ｋｇ剂量单笼饲喂甘肃棘豆粉，４只同龄公羊作对照。１...     

黑龙江省种公牛用动物模型预测育种植

在奶牛改良中，种公牛占各相关通径合计贡献度的65％(VanVleck,1977)，其中从种公牛到女儿牛的通径占26％，从种公牛到人工授精后备种公牛(儿子牛)的通径占39％。因此正确估计种公牛育种值是奶牛改良的必须条件，为了提高种公牛评价的准确性，黑龙江省不断改进种公牛的评价方法，先后应用了母女比较法(1962)，女儿同期比较法(1971)，群伴比较法(1972)，总性能指数法(1983)，公牛模型BLUP法(1985)。目前在黑龙江省奶牛后裔测定中仍使用公牛模型BLUP法，这种方法优点是可把公牛间的亲缘关系、公牛的组别、牛场、年度和季节等进行校正，准…     

大理地区犬细小病毒VP2基因变异研究及进化分析

从云南大理地区发病的松狮犬、德国牧羊犬和博美犬的粪便内和国产疫苗中分离到4株犬细小病毒,用同步法接种到F81细胞中分离、鉴定、培养。收毒后提取基因组DNA,并以此为PCR模板;根据GeneBank己发表的犬细小病毒VP2基因序列设计合成一对引物,进行PCR扩增获得VP2全序列基因1755bp片段,并进行序列测定。利用DNAStar软件对4株病毒的VP2基因序列以及氨基酸序列进行分析,与GeneBank上已发表的16株犬细小病毒比较,发现病毒的核苷酸同源性在97.9%~99.9%之间,氨基酸同源性在96.4%~99.9%之间,总体同源性在98%以上,进化树分析显示没有形成明显的CPV中国进化分枝,表明VP2基因变异相对较少。同时分离到的4株CPV病毒又遵循2a亚型的进化特征,因此确定目前云南大理地区犬细小病毒的流行情况仍以CPV-2a为主。