Chemical Composition Change in TSP Due to Dust Storm at Gosan, Korea: Do the Concentrations of Anthropogenic Species Increase Due to Dust Storm?

Aerosol composition change between dust storm and non-dust storm periods in spring is studied using the total suspended particle data measured at Gosan, a background area in Korea. The concentrations of eight inorganic ions and 12 elements were analyzed for the TSP samples collected from March 1992 to May 2006. Two-step statistical analyses were carried out for the data: F test and t test. The concentrations of anthropogenic ionic species showed increasing trend since 2003. The absolute concentrations of most anthropogenic species such as sulfate or nitrate increased (from 7.33 to 9.25 µg m^?3 and from 2.04 to 4.84 µg m^?3, respectively) during the dust storm period. However, the enrichment factors or normalized concentrations based on Al of most anthropogenic species decreased during dust storm period (factor of 0.1–0.5). It suggests that, in general, relative importance of anthropogenic species during dust storm would be not high.     

不同pH条件下添加纳米型蒙脱土和高岭土对溶液中铜的去除效果研究

通过有机插层法对蒙脱土、高岭土进行改性,制备成纳米型蒙脱土、高岭土,并利用制备的纳米型高岭土、蒙脱土对溶液中铜的吸附效果及吸附机理进行了研究。结果表明,纳米型蒙脱土和高岭土对溶液中的铜具有很好的去除效果,其吸附等温线可以用Langmuir和Freundlich方程进行拟合。相比而言,蒙脱土比高岭土具有较高的吸附量和吸附亲和力参数。在溶液中铜离子浓度低于120 mg/L时,纳米型蒙脱土、高岭土对铜的最大去除率分别达到99.5%和94.3%,对溶液中铜的去除率随铜离子浓度增加和溶液的pH降低而降低。     

氧化节杆菌生物降解苯并芘

A pot experiment was conducted with multi-metal (Pb, Cd, Cu, and Zn) contaminated acidic soil to investigate changes in available metal burden resulting from the application of industrial wastes (fly ash and steel slag). The efficiency of amendments-induced metal stabilization was evaluated by diffusive gradients in thin films (DGT), sequential extraction, and plant uptake. The stability of remediation was assessed by an acidification test and by chemical equilibrium modeling. Addition of fly ash (20 g kg-1 ) and steel slag (3 g kg-1 ) resulted in similar increase in soil pH. Both amendments significantly decreased the concentrations of metals measured with DGT (C DGT) and the metal uptake by Oryza sativa L. Significant correlations were found between C DGT and the concentration of a combination of metal fractions (exchangeable, bound to carbonates, and bound to Fe/Mn oxides), unraveling the labile species that participate in the flux of metal resupply. The capability of metal resupply, as reflected by the R (ratio of C DGT to pore water metal concentration) values, significantly decreased in the amended soils. The C DGT correlated well with the plant uptake, suggesting that DGT is a good indicator for bioavailability. Acidification raised the extractable metal concentration in amended soil but the concentration did not return to the pre-amendment level. Equilibrium modeling indicated that the soil amendments induced the precipitation of several Fe, Al and Ca minerals, which may play a positive role in metal stabilization. Chemical stabilization with alkaline amendments could be an effective and stable soil remediation strategy for attenuating metal bioavailability and reducing plant metal uptake.     

基于改进的粒子群多阈值算法的白色异性纤维检测

为了提高皮棉中白色异性纤维的识别精度,该文提出了一种基于改进混沌粒子群的白色异性纤维检测算法,该算法将图像的像素点按灰度值分为多类,把所有相邻类间方差看做一个粒子种群,以最大类间方差组作为种群适应度评价函数。通过滑动窗口技术判断算法是否陷入局部最优。有效克服了标准粒子群算法容易陷入局部最优的缺陷。通过试验验证,该文提出的算法对白色异性纤维的识别准确率达到98.6%。通过与标准二维Otsu算法的对比分割试验发现在分割较细小的白色异性纤维以及白色纤维与皮棉发生重叠的情况时,该算法的分割结果比标准二维Otsu算法更准确,噪声点更少。为皮棉异性纤维检测与剔除工艺的改善提供了技术依据。     

铅胁迫对向日葵幼苗矿质元素吸收和积累的影响

以不同浓度铅胁迫的向日葵整株幼苗为试验材料,用火焰原子吸收光谱法测定3个不同基因型向日葵中大量元素(K、Ca、Na、Mg)和微量元素(Fe、Mn、Cu、Zn)的含量。结果表明:不同浓度铅胁迫下3个基因型植株中的矿质元素累积量有明显的不同。首先,相同浓度铅胁迫下不同基因型向日葵幼苗对矿质元素吸收和积累的表现不同;其次,不同浓度铅胁迫下相同基因型向日葵幼苗对矿质元素的吸收和积累存在显著的差异(Cu、Zn元素除外)。     

土壤有机质与水分反射光谱响应特征综合作用模拟

土壤有机质与水分均对土壤反射光谱特征有显著的影响,但其作用机理难以定量描述。通过对黑龙江省典型黑土区土壤野外高光谱反射率的测定,研究了该区土壤的光谱反射特征;利用BP神经网络方法,以土壤有机质与水分数据作为输入层,以土壤光谱反射率一阶微分作为输出层,建立黑土有机质与水分的高光谱预测模型,并对模型的稳定性和预测能力进行检验。结果表明:土壤有机质与土壤表层0~20 cm含水量之间具有显著的相关性,相关系数为0.59;1570 nm波段处的一阶微分为输出层的模型精度最高,RMES达到0.017,平均绝对误差为0.014,平均相对误差为0.110;模型检验结果表明建立的BP神经网络模型具有良好的稳定性;土壤有机质、含水量对土壤光谱反射率的综合作用得到较准确的描述,可以用于野外土壤有机质与水分的速测。     

浑河上游典型水源涵养林降雨再分配过程

为明确浑河上游典型水源涵养林的降雨再分配过程,以浑河上游地区5种典型水源涵养林(红松人工林、落叶松人工林、红松混交林、落叶松混交林、阔叶混交林)为研究对象,应用自记式观测记录仪,分析不同林型林冠层对降水再分配过程(穿透雨、树干茎流、林冠截留)的影响。结果表明:各林型穿透雨量(率)、树干茎流量(率)、林冠截留量均随林外降雨量增加而增大;穿透雨量、树干茎流量、林冠截留量均与林外降雨量呈显著的线性正相关;各林型穿透雨率、树干茎流率与林外降雨量呈显著的对数函数关系;红松混交林、落叶松混交林的树干茎流率(32.12%,15.44%)均高于阔叶混交林与红松、落叶松人工林,红松、落叶松人工林的林冠截留能力(80.66%,77.47%)高于阔叶混交林、针阔混交林。该结果为浑河上游地区水源涵养林的最优空间结构配置与经营管理提供科学依据。     

临沂市农田生态系统碳源/汇时空变化及其影响因素分析

依据2003-2013年临沂市农作物产量、耕地面积、农作物播种面积及农业投入等数据,对临沂市农田生态系统碳源、碳汇进行估算,分析其变化规律并探讨临沂市农田生态系统碳源、碳汇的影响因素。结果表明,2003-2013年临沂市农田生态系统的碳排放量呈现先增后减的情况;5种主要碳排放过程中,化肥施用过程中碳排放所占的比例最大;各县区碳排放量,远郊大于近郊;碳吸收、碳汇呈现增加的趋势,并具备很强的碳汇功能;小麦、玉米作为主要的粮食作物,碳吸收量远高于其他的农作物;各县区由于自然条件和发展方向的不同,碳吸收量与单位播种面积碳汇量差异较为明显。碳源、碳汇影响因素分析表明,碳吸收与小麦、玉米、水稻、花生等高产量作物、农作物总产量及农作物总播种面积显著正相关;碳排放量与农膜等农用化学品投入、农业机械等燃料动力使用和农业灌溉等显著正相关;碳汇量与碳吸收量显著正相关。     

黄土丘陵区人工林养分循环特*征

通过对山西省吉县蔡家川流域人工刺槐林和人工油松林养分元素积累与分布和生物循环进行研究,结果表明:(1)黄土丘陵区人工林乔木层不同器官养分元素含量以树叶为最高,树干最低;各器官中养分元素含量N最高,P最低,凋落物层养分含量总计约占整个林下层养分含量的26.69%～37.36%;(2)黄土丘陵区人工林生态系统养分总贮量为3 238.548 kg/hm2,乔木层、灌木层、草本层和凋落物层分别72.24%,12.31%,8.70%和6.74%,说明该地区人工林群落结构简单,乔木层树种单一;(3)黄土丘陵区人工林年吸收量、归还量、存留量分别为256.825,110.328,146.497 kg/(hm2.a),年归还量占年吸收量的42.96%,凋落物的回归量不到吸收量的1/2。(4)循环系数为0.364～0.398,循环速率依次为PMgKCaN。     

永定县水土流失遥感调查方法与技术研究

由于南方多山,以往遥感调查采用的植被覆盖度的计算方法受山体阴影等地物的干扰影响较大,为了减少干扰,本文用复合植被指数(VBSI)替换了传统的归一化植被指数(NDVI),利用其能降低山体阴影等地物干扰影响的特点,使用卫星影像对永定县水土流失进行遥感调查,总结出更适合山地丘陵地区的遥感调查方法。