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991.
Daniel Coq-Huelva Bolier Torres-Navarrete Carlos Bueno-Suárez 《Agriculture and Human Values》2018,35(1):163-179
This article explores the role of conventions in the normalization of cocoa production in Ecuadorian Amazonia. Convention theory provides key theoretical tools for understanding coordination among agents. However, conventions must be understood as cultural constructions with a strong Eurocentric background that must be substantially modified in originally non-European contexts. A creative application of convention theory can partially overcome bifurcation among Western and non-Western rationalities. First, it shows that Western values and forms of coordination are heterogeneous, conflictive and opposing. Second, it provides key insight for understanding the transformation of subaltern subjectivities generated from non-Western rationalities that are closely associated with subjugated knowledges. Third, in applying the concept of compromise, it allows one to understand cognitive hybridization and coordination among indigenous and Western agents and thus the complexities of processes of resistance, subversion and empowerment carried by indigenous communities. This article is focused on how cocoa production in Ecuadorian Amazonia serves as an example of the confluence and coordination of indigenous (using the concept of “Good Living” or Sumak Kawsay) and Western conventions. The assertion of Sumak Kawsay is understood as a relevant transformation of Ecuadorian post-colonial relations. It is shown that relevant industrial upgrading processes are justified by, among others, Sumak Kawsay repertoires. Additionally, dialogue on knowledge and compromise among conventions, and especially concerning Sumak Kawsay and the market, have been key facets shaping the development of a differentiated quality strand that has promoted relevant changes in the subaltern positioning of indigenous farmers in the cocoa commodity chain. 相似文献
992.
Ana?Belén?González-FernándezEmail author José?Ramón?Rodríguez-Pérez Enoc?Sanz?Ablanedo Celestino?Ordo?ez 《Precision Agriculture》2017,18(4):525-573
This study describes a method for vineyard zone delineation based on spatial interpolation of data on annual monitoring of grape and vine growth from 2007 to 2012 for four commercial vines (Cabernet Sauvignon, Mencía, Merlot and Tempranillo) located in the Bierzo Denomination of Origen (NW Spain). A sampled grid of 20 × 29 m (14 vines/ha) was defined for each vineyard and data were collected for ten soil, six grape composition, three grape production and five vine vigour variables. Continuous maps of each variable were created by spatial interpolation from the sampled points. Several zone delineations were obtained by clustering—using the iterative self-organizing data analysis (ISODATA) algorithm—according to different combinations of the studied variables. The resulting zone delineations were analysed (ANOVA) in order to determine whether the variables in the two cluster classifications for two or three zones were statistically different from each other. The selected delineation was the cluster that included total soluble solids, titratable acidity, total phenolic content, pH, mean cluster weight and length of the internode in two zones. The results point to the feasibility of this approach to vineyard zone delineation. Further research is necessary to confirm the effectiveness of this approach for other locations and evaluate the usefulness of introducing new grape and vine variables. 相似文献
993.
Vinicius de Abreu D’Ávila Elen de Lima Aguiar-Menezes Renato Nunes Pereira Vânia Gonçalves-Esteves Cláudia Barbieri Ferreira Mendonça Saulo José de Melo Tamires Medeiros dos Santos 《Phytoparasitica》2017,45(4):471-484
Coleomegilla maculata DeGeer is an omnivorous lady beetle that feeds on natural or alternative prey and artificial foods, which allows its laboratory rearing for use on augmentative biocontrol. In addition, C. maculata may supplement its diet with pollen and nectar, which helps in its conservation in agroecosystems. This study aimed to evaluate if Apiaceous flowers (Anethum graveolens L. and Coriadrum sativum L.), with and without alternative prey [eggs of Ephestia kuehniella (Zeller) or larvae of Drosophila melanogaster Meigen] or an artificial food (aqueous solution of honey), may guarantee the survival and complete development of the immature and adult stages of C. maculata in the laboratory. The immature stages developed only when Apiaceous flowers were offered with E. kuehniella eggs. The food with only one of the alternative prey (moth eggs or fly larvae) or moth eggs + honey solution resulted in fertile adults; however, the number of eggs/cluster was greater for the foods with E. kuehniella eggs + honey solution, A. graveolens flowers, or only D. melanogaster. Foods comprising only the two Apiaceous species, only the honey solution, or only water resulted in larval development up to a specific instar. Adults of C. maculata also survived on these foods, but there was no oviposition. The foods of the two Apiaceous species produced heavier adults only when associated with E. kuehniella eggs. The results indicate that the zoophytophagous habit of C. maculata should be considered in conservation biocontrol programs aimed at using this lady beetle to control crop pests. 相似文献
994.
Amalia Boix-Ruiz José Ignacio Marín-Guirao Miguel de Cara-García Francisco Camacho-Ferre Julio César Tello-Marquina 《European journal of plant pathology / European Foundation for Plant Pathology》2017,148(3):607-615
Crown and root rot of tomato and sweet pepper can be caused by Phytophthora parasitica. In this work, 23 P. parasitica isolates from diseased pepper or tomato plants as well as 54 isolates from 23 monocrop tomato soils (from Spain and Chile) and one from a pepper soil were studied for their host–pathogen response. Results show significant host specificity for the isolates from tomato plants and tomato soils (63 of 64 isolates were unable to cause disease in pepper). None of the pepper plant/soil isolates showed pathogenicity on tomato, and only four of 14 reproduced their pathogenicity on pepper. Only one tomato isolate was pathogenic to both Solanaceae species. Two different inoculation protocols were evaluated (substrate irrigation and stem cutting). All isolates which expressed pathogenicity when stem inoculated also did it when root inoculated, but not vice-versa. Therefore, the recommended test protocol for tomato and pepper breeding programmes is that based on root inoculation by irrigation. 相似文献
995.
Behaviour of bentazon as influenced by water and tillage management in rice‐growing conditions 下载免费PDF全文
Antonio López‐Piñeiro David Peña Ángel Albarrán Javier Sánchez‐Llerena José Manuel Rato‐Nunes María Ángeles Rozas 《Pest management science》2017,73(6):1067-1075
Bentazon is a widely used herbicide in rice agroecosystems that has commonly been found in water resources. To assess how tillage and water regimes affect sorption/desorption, dissipation and leaching of bentazon in Mediterranean rice‐growing conditions, field experiments were carried out using tillage and flooding (TF), tillage and sprinkler irrigation (TS), no‐tillage and sprinkler irrigation (NTS) and long‐term no‐tillage and sprinkler irrigation (NTS7). After 3 years, the Kd values in TS were 2.3, 1.6 and 1.7 times lower than the values in NTS7, NTS and TF respectively. Greater sorption of bentazon was related to higher contents in total organic carbon and, although to a lesser extent, in humic acids and dissolved organic carbon. The persistence of bentazon was significantly greater under anaerobic (half‐life DT50 = 94.1–135 days) than under aerobic (DT50 = 42.4–91.3 days) incubation conditions for all management regimes. Leaching losses of bentazon were reduced from 78 and 74% in TS and TF to 61 and 62% in NTS7 and NTS respectively. The mid‐ and long‐term implementation of sprinkler irrigation in combination with no‐tillage could be considered a management system that is effective at reducing water contamination by bentazon in Mediterranean rice‐growing agroecosystems. © 2017 Society of Chemical Industry 相似文献
996.
Denise T. Fantoni Keila K. Ida André M. Gimenes Matheus M. Mantovani Jacqueline R. Castro Geni C.F. Patrício Aline M. Ambrósio Denise A. Otsuki 《Veterinary anaesthesia and analgesia》2017,44(4):710-718
Objective
To investigate whether pulse pressure variation (PPV) can predict fluid responsiveness in healthy dogs during clinical surgery.Study design
Prospective clinical study.Animals
Thirty-three isoflurane-anesthetized dogs with arterial hypotension during orthopedic surgery.Methods
Fluid challenge with lactated Ringer's solution (15 mL kg?1 in 15 minutes) was administered in mechanically ventilated dogs (tidal volume 10 mL kg?1) with hypotension [mean arterial pressure (MAP) < 65 mmHg]. The volume expansion was considered effective if cardiac output (CO; transesophageal Doppler) increased by ≥ 15%. Cardiopulmonary data were analyzed using two-way ANOVA, receiver operating characteristics (ROC) curves and Spearman coefficient; p < 0.05 was considered significant.Results
Effective volume expansion, mean ± standard deviation 42 ± 4% increase in CO (p < 0.0001) was observed in 76% of the dogs, resulting in a decrease in PPV (p < 0.0001) and increase in MAP (p < 0.0001), central venous pressure (CVP; p = 0.02) and ejection fraction (p < 0.0001) compared with before the fluid challenge. None of these changes occurred when volume expansion resulted in a nonsignificant CO increase of 4 ± 5%. No significant differences were observed in blood gas analysis between responsive and nonresponsive dogs. The increase in CO was correlated with the decrease in PPV (r = ?0.65; p < 0.0001) but absolute values of CO and PPV were not correlated. The PPV performance (ROC curve area: 0.89 ± 0.06, p = 0.0011) was better than that of CVP (ROC curve area: 0.54 ± 0.12) and MAP (ROC curve area: 0.59 ± 0.13) to predict fluid responsiveness. The best cut-off for PPV to distinguish responders and nonresponders was 15% (50% sensitivity and 96% specificity).Conclusions and clinical relevance
In mechanically ventilated, healthy, isoflurane-anesthetized dogs, PPV predicted fluid responsiveness to volume expansion, and MAP and CVP did not show such applicability. 相似文献997.
Marcelo A. Araújo Maurício Deschk Juliana T. Wagatsuma Beatriz P. Floriano Carlos E. Siqueira Valéria NLS. Oliva Paulo SP. Santos 《Veterinary anaesthesia and analgesia》2017,44(4):854-864
Objective
To assess the cardiopulmonary effects caused by reverse Trendelenburg position (RTP) at 5° and 10° in sevoflurane-anesthetized yearling steers.Study design
Prospective, experimental study.Animals
Eight Holstein steers aged (mean ± standard deviation) 12 ± 2 months and weighing 145 ± 26 kg.Methods
In the first phase of the study, the individual minimum alveolar concentration (MAC) of sevoflurane was determined using electrical stimulation. In the second phase, the effects of RTP were assessed. The animals were anesthetized on three separate events separated by ≥7 days in an incomplete crossover design: control treatment using a table without tilt (RTP0); treatment with the table at 5° RTP (RTP5) and table tilted 10° RTP (RTP10). Subjects were physically restrained in dorsal recumbency on the table, which was already tilted according to each treatment. Anesthesia was induced with sevoflurane at 8% in 5 L minute–1 oxygen via face mask followed by maintenance with sevoflurane at 1.3 MAC and spontaneous breathing. Cardiopulmonary variables were obtained immediately after instrumentation (T0) and then after 30, 60, 120 and 180 minutes (T30, T60, T120 and T180, respectively).Results
The mean sevoflurane MAC for the eight steers was 2.12 ± 0.31%. Cardiac output was lower at all time points and the systemic vascular resistance index was higher at T120 and T180 in RTP10 compared with RTP0. Oxygen consumption was lower at T0 and at T180 in RTP10 compared with RTP0 and at all time points except T30 compared with RTP5. Oxygen extraction was lower at T0 in RTP10 compared with RTP0 and RTP5, and at T60 and T180 compared with RTP5.Conclusions and clinical relevance
RTP 5° and 10° did not improve ventilatory and oxygenation variables in sevoflurane-anesthetized steers when compared with no tilt, however the cardiovascular variables were adversely affected in RTP10. 相似文献998.
Shayne P. Bisetto Adriano B. Carregaro André E.S. Nicolai Thais F. Bressan William P. Leal Nathalia V. Xavier Diego F. Leal André F.C. Andrade 《Veterinary anaesthesia and analgesia》2017,44(3):594-599
Objective
To evaluate the effect of hyaluronidase on uptake, duration and speed of elimination of xylazine–tiletamine–zolazepam administered in the subcutaneous fat over the dorsal lumbar region of swine.Study design
Blinded, randomized, crossover study.Animals
Six healthy Landrace/Large White pigs weighing 132 ± 24 kg (mean ± standard deviation).Methods
Animals were administered xylazine (1 mg kg?1) and tiletamine–zolazepam (8 mg kg?1) (control treatment, CON), or xylazine–tiletamine–zolazepam at the same doses with hyaluronidase (400 IU) (treatment HYA). The treatments were administered into the dorsal lumbar adipose tissue, 2.5–3.0 cm laterally from the spinous process of the second lumbar vertebra. The latency, anesthesia and recovery periods were measured. Heart rate, noninvasive systolic, diastolic, and mean arterial pressures, respiratory rate, hemoglobin oxygen saturation and rectal temperature were recorded every 10 minutes for up to 50 minutes.Results
One animal in CON and one animal in HYA were responsive to stimulation and did not allow safe handling. No significant difference was found between treatments for latency (CON 11.3 ± 5.9 minutes, HYA 7.4 ± 5.1 minutes) and anesthesia (CON 53 ± 53 minutes, HYA 49 ± 38 minutes) periods. Recovery period was shorter in HYA (9 ± 6 minutes) than in CON (32 ± 16 minutes) (p < 0.05). Physiological variables were not significantly changed over time and were within accepted normal clinical limits for the species in both treatments.Conclusion and clinical relevance
Hyaluronidase (400 IU) administered into adipose tissue in pigs did not reduce the latency and duration of dissociative anesthesia, but was associated with faster recovery. 相似文献999.
Donna M. White José I. Redondo Alastair R. Mair Fernando Martinez-Taboada 《Veterinary anaesthesia and analgesia》2017,44(5):1076-1084
Objective
The effect of user experience and inflation technique on endotracheal tube cuff pressure using a feline airway simulator.Study design
Prospective, experimental clinical study.Methods
Participants included veterinary students at the beginning (group S1) and end (group S2) of their 2-week anaesthesia rotation and veterinary anaesthetists (group A). The feline airway simulator was designed to simulate an average size feline trachea, intubated with a 4.5 mm low-pressure, high-volume cuffed endotracheal tube, connected to a Bain breathing system with oxygen flow of 2 L minute?1. Participants inflated the on-endotracheal tube cuff by pilot balloon palpation and by instilling the minimum occlusive volume (MOV) required for loss of airway leaks during manual ventilation. Intracuff pressures were measured by manometers obscured to participants and ideally were 20–30 cm H2O. Student t, Fisher exact, and Chi-squared tests were used where appropriate to analyse data (p < 0.05).Results
Participants were 12 students and eight anaesthetists. Measured intracuff pressures for palpation and MOV, respectively, were 19 ± 12 and 29 ± 19 cm H2O for group S1, 10 ± 5 and 20 ± 11 cm H2O for group S2 and 13 ± 6 and 29 ± 18 cm H2O for group A. All groups performed poorly at achieving intracuff pressures within the ideal range. There was no significant difference in intracuff pressures between techniques. Students administered lower (p = 0.02) intracuff pressures using palpation after their training.Conclusions and clinical relevance
When using palpation and MOV for cuff inflation operators rarely achieved optimal intracuff pressures. Experience had no effect on this skill and, as such, a cuff manometer is recommended. 相似文献1000.
Biofilms of Candida spp. from the ocular conjunctiva of horses with reduced azole susceptibility: a complicating factor for the treatment of keratomycosis? 下载免费PDF全文
Raimunda Sâmia Nogueira Brilhante Paula Vago Bittencourt Débora de Souza Collares Castelo‐Branco Glaucia Morgana de Melo Guedes Jonathas Sales de Oliveira Lucas Pereira Alencar Rossana de Aguiar Cordeiro Mariana Pinheiro Evilázio Fernandes Nogueira‐Filho Waldemiro de Aquino Pereira‐Neto José Júlio Costa Sidrim Marcos Fábio Gadelha Rocha 《Veterinary ophthalmology》2017,20(6):539-546