土壤侵蚀时空变异及其与环境因子的时空关系

土壤侵蚀的时空变异是指在一定的景观内 ,不同时间、不同地点的土地侵蚀特征存在明显的差异性和多样性。土壤侵蚀的时空变异是多重尺度上的植被、土地利用、气象 (降雨 )、地形和土壤等多因子综合作用的结果 ,但是就某一具体地区而言存在重点尺度和主控因子 ,土壤侵蚀的重点尺度与主控因子的时空关系因时间、空间和尺度而异。综述了土壤侵蚀的时空变异及其与环境因子时空关系的研究进展     

Can forest-soil liming mitigate acidification of surface waters in Sweden?

Acidification of surface waters and forest soils is severe in large parts of southern Sweden. The shallow groundwaters are also affected. Large scale liming of surface waters and streams is in operation, often combined with wetland liming to limit the effects of acid episodes, e.g. at snow melt. Acid episodes are perhaps the most severe problem in limed surface waters and in many as yet well buffered waters, because of temperature-layered acid inflow, often superficial. As a result of some investigations, a large scale forest liming programme covering 6.500–10.000 km² was recently suggested. The main objectives of this forest liming programme are to retard cation depletion and to prevent nutrient imbalance and forest decline in acidified areas. This paper deals with the effects of forest soil liming on streams and surface waters. The response of water chemistry is very dependent on hydrological and soil properties. Although pH itself may be little affected by liming, the acidity (or negative ANC) decreases, inorganic Al-species decrease and the Al/BC-ratio increases in the runoff water. Especially interesting is that this is also true during acid episodes. This means that toxicity for acid sensitive biota decreases. These results indicate that large scale liming may have beneficial effects on surface water chemistry. Furthermore, as surface waters are expected to respond to smaller decreases in acid deposition than do forests soils, forest soil liming may allow less frequent liming of lakes. Consequently, forest soil liming in combination with the anticipated emission reductions may have very beneficial results on surface waters in certain areas of Sweden.     

TES基因C端的分段克隆与表达

为了在大肠杆菌中分段表达人类TES基因C端3个顺次排列的LIM结构域,利用PCR技术从含有TES基因全长编码序列的质粒pCMV-HA-TES中扩增出这3个LIM domain基因片段,分别重组入pGEM-T载体,再经酶切后,将获得的目的片段亚克隆入原核表达载体pQE-N1进行融合表达。酶切鉴定及测序结果表明,扩增产物与已知基因序列一致,成功构建了3个目的片段的pQE-N1表达质粒;SDS-PAGE结果显示,IPTG诱导表达出与预期分子质量大小相同的3个融合蛋白。     

青海省玉树州高原暴雨型泥石流形成机制——以称多县拉隆沟泥石流为例

[目的]对青海省玉树州高原暴雨型泥石流形成机制进行研究,旨在为此类泥石流灾害防治及风险减缓提供依据。[方法]以青海省玉树州称多县拉隆沟暴雨型泥石流为例,通过实地调查对其形成因素及形成机制进行研究。[结果]该泥石流主沟道长约3km,流域面积5.25km~2,纵坡比降212‰,高差约600m。物源区发育滑坡方量约为6.50×104 m~3,流域内冲出泥石流物质共约8.5×104 m~3,沟道内物源补给量2.0×104 m~3。[结论]青海省玉树州高原暴雨型泥石流的启动模式可总结为:滑坡—物源形成—固体物质起动—沟道侵蚀—泥石流形成。     

川西亚高山针叶林植物群落演替对生物学特性的影响

通过对川西亚高山针叶林人工重建过程中土壤微生物数量、酶活性及其与土壤养分性状的关系研究表明,云杉人工成熟林土壤微生物数量、酶活性明显低于云杉人工幼林地,也低于同龄的次生阔叶林地,人工云杉林随着林龄的增加土壤肥力严重退化。土壤微生物数量、酶活性与土壤有机质、全N、全P和碱解N等养分指标呈显著相关关系,土壤生物学指标能较好地反映土壤肥力状况。解决当前人工成熟云杉林土壤退化的主要措施应因地制宜地进行抚育间伐,改善林地的微生态条件,尽量避免营造针叶纯林,建议营造针阔混交林。     

Distribution and Concentration of Pb and Cd in Two Adjacent Luvisols under Grassland and Forest in Denmark

The effect of land use (forest and grassland) on the deposition and mobility of Pb and Cd has been studied by extraction with 1M HCl, 1M NH₄Ac/HAc and 1M NH₄Ac. The soils were described pedologically and the main physical and chemical parameters were determined. The Pb concentration in the A horizon is higher in the profile under forest than in the profile under grassland. We assign this difference to the filter action of the forest. The Cd concentration is highest in the grassland profile because the forest soil is more degraded and Cd is leached to a higher degree in this soil. Both metals are more mobile (easier to extract) in the forest because the forest soil is most acidic, and because a greater part is bound to organic compounds (humic and fulvic acids) which are more abundant in the forest than in the grassland. The concentrations of Pb and Cd in the A horizons are 26 ppm and 0.1 ppm under the forest and 9 ppm and 0.2 ppm under grassland, respectively.     

琼氏不动杆菌GXP04的苯酚羟化酶基因的克隆及序列分析

提取琼氏不动杆菌GXP 04的总DNA,采用限制性内切酶E coRⅠ酶切处理后,构建以pLAFR 3为载体的基因组文库。通过TA IL-PCR扩增出苯酚羟化酶的上游基因,对菌落原位杂交获得的11个转化子进一步鉴定,最终确定其中的8个转化子含有完整的苯酚羟化酶基因,选取其中的pLAFR 3-7对GXP 04的苯酚羟化酶基因的核苷酸序列进行分析,并对其蛋白质基本性质进行预测。     

Beta-thujaplicin: new quantitative CZE method and adsorption to goethite

Beta-thujaplicin (beta-TH) is a toxic tropolone derivative present in the heartwood of western red cedar (Thuja plicata) and is used as a preservative and antimicrobial additive in a number of commercial goods. beta-TH released from western red cedar timber used outdoor and from other products containing beta-TH may transfer to soil and leach to groundwater and surface waters. The objective of this study was to quantify the adsorption of beta-TH to goethite as a typical model for geosorbents. Adsorption was studied using pH-adjusted goethite suspensions with solid:solution ratios of 1:500, 0.01 M NaNO(3) electrolyte, and 20 degrees C. beta-TH was determined using a new capillary zone electrophoresis (CZE) method providing a detection limit of 0.21 microM. Near-sorption equilibrium was attained within 48 h. beta-TH showed maximum adsorption at low pH (3.8) and a 70% drop in adsorption from pH 6.2 to 8.8. The Langmuir type adsorption isotherm at pH 5.5 approached a maximum adsorption of 220 micromol/g (= 6.2 micromol/m(2)), which is more than twice the amount of phosphate adsorbed under similar conditions. The affinity of beta-TH for goethite is low as compared with organic ligands such as citrate, oxalate, and 2,4-dihydroxybenzoate. The adsorption data and FTIR analyses indicate that beta-TH is most likely adsorbed as monodentate mononuclear surface complexes at the surface of goethite. Hydrophobic adsorption is thought to contribute to the adsorption, in particular at low pH. The strong adsorption of beta-TH to goethite suggests low mobility in most soil environments, the risk of contamination increasing in soils with high pH (calcareous material), low contents of iron and aluminum oxides, phyllosilicates, and organic matter.     

四川九顶山自然保护区植物区系研究

通过对九顶山自然保护区植物群落野外调查,经鉴定有高等植物175科665属1 790种。通过植物区系成分分析,该区区系复杂,具有15种分布类型。区系具有以下特征:明显的温带性质,温带成分328属,占总数的59.2%,尤其以北温带分布为主(166属);中国特有属多,18属19种;与热带有一定亲缘关系,热带成分158属,占28.5%;区系起源古老,多单型、少型属。     

粤北石漠化地区土壤侵蚀的137Cs法研究

据2005年10月的野外调查及对TM卫星影像解译分析结果,研究了粤北不同程度的石漠化地区、不同利用类型土地的¹³⁷Cs区域分布以及土壤侵蚀速率特征。结果表明:粤北石漠化地区土壤¹³⁷Cs活度的平均值为(6.54±0.57) Bq·kg^-1,土壤中¹³⁷Cs水平随石漠化程度增加有先降低然后升高的趋势,表明在重度石漠化阶段,过高的基岩裸露率导致其周围土壤对¹³⁷Cs的集中吸附,¹³⁷Cs在某些沉积小环境内逐渐富集。研究区¹³⁷Cs背景值为(1 433.60±131.40) Bq·m^-2,低于北半球的平均值,¹³⁷Cs剖面分布基本符合指数分布,最高值出现在2~4 cm深度范围内。在轻度、中度石漠化地区,非耕作土壤侵蚀速率的平均值分别为1 369.0、1 833.5 t·km^-2·a^-1;耕作土壤侵蚀速率远高于非耕作土壤,坡度对土壤侵蚀影响非常明显。