一个改进的土壤铵、磷和钾等温吸附新模型

土壤对养分的吸附特性是土壤化学和植物营养学的重要研究内容。9个供试土壤的NH4+、PO43-和K+吸附试验表明,Langmuir、Freundlish和Temkin等温吸附方程对其有较好的拟合效果,但亦有部分供试土壤的拟合精度不良。本文引进种群生态学的"形状因子d"概念,在Langmuir方程基础上构造了一个新的吸附模型。理论分析表明,新吸附模型综合反映了3个等温吸附方程所描述的吸附特征。模拟结果表明,等温吸附方程模拟不佳的供试土壤,用新模型模拟均能达到显著水平;新吸附模型的拟合精度(R2)高于3个等温吸附方程,且标准差最小。形状因子d的变化幅度在0.608 0～2.929 0,体现了土壤理化性质对NH4+、PO43-和K+等温吸附曲线形状的影响。新吸附模型和Langmuir方程的NH4+、PO43-和K+的qm值之间的线性相关系数分别为0.851 5**、0.825 8**和0.912 8**(n=9)。土壤理化性质分析表明,新吸附模型的PO43-和K+的qm值与土壤有机质之间、土壤NH4+和K+的qm值与CEC之间均有显著水平的线性正相关。NH4+的qm值与土壤碱解氮含量亦呈显著水平的线性正相关,而PO34-的qm值与土壤有效磷含量则呈显著水平的线性负相关。数学形式简洁的新等温吸附模型为采用统一模式定量处理土壤对NH4+、PO43-和K+的吸附特性提供了一条新途径。     

Effect of ammonia and nitrite on vigour,survival rate,moulting rate of the blue swimming crab <Emphasis Type=Italic>Portunus pelagicus</Emphasis> zoea

The effects of ammonia and nitrite on vigour, survival rate, moulting rate of zoea of blue swimming crab, Portunus pelagicus, were studied. A total of five nitrite-N treatments (26.67, 53.34, 106.68, 213.36, 426.72 mg/l) and a control (no nitrite-N added) were set up for the acute nitrite-N toxicity experiment; a total of five ammonia-N treatments (8.43, 16.86, 33.72, 67.44, 134.88 mg/l) and a control (no ammonia-N added) were set up for the acute ammonia-N toxicity experiment. The results showed that the vigour, survival rate and moulting rate of zoea of the blue swimming crabs exposed to over 53.34 mg/l were significantly different (P < 0.05) from the control group. The zoea LC₅₀ values (mg/l) of nitrite-N were 179.47, 76.56, 66.70, 37.49, 25.01, 25.35, 25.34 mg/l for 24, 36, 48, 60, 72, 84, 96 h, respectively. The vigour, survival rate and moulting rate of zoea of the blue swimming crabs exposed to over 16.86 mg/l were significantly different (P < 0.05) from the control group. The zoea LC₅₀ values (mg/l) of ammonia-N were 51.04, 39.62, 38.72, 24.43, 16.90, 13.42, 11.16 mg/l for 24, 36, 48, 60, 72, 84, 96 h, respectively. The zoeae are highly sensitive to ammonia and nitrite, and the toxicity of ammonia and nitrite on Portunus pelagicus decrease with development of this crab.     

黄河首曲重大生态功能区护岸林建设问题探讨

分析了河岸防护林改变区域小气候、巩固河岸、保持水土、防风固沙、改良土壤、湿地保护、提供饲料、薪材和增加收入、提高畜牧业生产力、丰富和改善高寒区景观等作用,系统阐述了加强河岸防护林建设的重要性,针对性地提出了河岸防护林树种组成单一、体系结构不够完整、自然因素恶劣等护岸林建设问题,并提出了进一步发展建设的对策,在黄河首曲重大生态功能区的环境建设中加强黄河护岸林建设,对于黄河首曲生态环境的治理、恢复、重建和改善具有十分重要的意义。     

内陆河湿地芦苇叶功能性状特征及其对土壤环境因子的响应

植物功能性状是连接植物与外界环境的重要桥梁,其在不同环境梯度下的变化表现出了对异质环境的适应机制。本文以敦煌西湖国家级自然保护区克隆植物芦苇（Phragmites australis）为研究对象,设置了未退化、轻度退化、中度退化和重度退化4个梯度样地,研究环境异质条件下芦苇叶功能性状特征及其对土壤环境因子的响应。结果表明：①各环境梯度下,芦苇叶功能性状特征变化显著（P<0.05）,叶长、叶宽、叶面积、叶干重随环境梯度退化呈下降趋势,比叶面积随梯度退化呈上升趋势;②芦苇各叶功能性状间呈协同变化的特征,叶长、叶宽、叶面积、叶干重之间呈极显著正相关（P<0.01）,比叶面积与叶长、叶干重呈显著负相关（P<0.05）;③ 叶长、叶宽、叶面积、叶干重与土壤表层（0~30 cm）、中层（30~60 cm）水分呈显著正相关（P<0.05）,而与土壤表层、中层含盐量呈显著负相关（P<0.05）,说明土壤表层与中层的水分与盐分是芦苇叶功能性状最主要的驱动力。研究结果对干旱区内陆河湿地的保护、生态恢复及管理具有重要的指导意义。     

我国农药市场2010年概况及2011年展望

2010年我国的粮食生产是在气候条件十分不利的情况下展开的.上半年西南地区出现百年不遇的春旱,北方地区持续低温,进入夏季后部分地区先后出现了严重的洪涝灾害,对农业生产和粮食安全构成了极大威胁.据不完全统计,2010年全国主要农作物水稻、玉米、马铃薯等的重大病虫害累计防治达3.33亿hm2次以上.其中水稻重大病虫害发生1.00亿hm2次以上,累计防治约0.85亿hm2次.     

Numerical analysis of injection molding for the Syringe Barrel with optimum design and processing condition

The numerical analysis was performed to predict the potential problem, often occurring during the manufacturing process of the disposable medical device of a great volume. The cavity filling analyses were performed for the new design of the 3cc Syringe Barrel using polypropylene(PP1), and a new nucleated polypropylene(PP2) material for better clarity. These analyses have been performed for different processing conditions as well as various wall thickness designs for both materials. With the nucleated material, only the original wall thickness design has been studied at two different processing conditions for comparison purpose. This study was conducted to investigate the optimum part design and processing condition for two different materials. The most desirable design was selected with Design 3 for material utilization and reduced flow stresses by comparing the field results. The new nucleated polypropylene provided slightly better product quality and processing.     

苔草种子休眠和萌发特性的研究

苔草种子具有很强的休眠特性，萌发率极低，故长期以来限制了苔草的大面积利用。本试验选择两种苔草种子，研究光照，温度，种（果）皮及激素等因素与种子休眠和萌发的关系。测试种子休眠解除前后几种化学及结构物质的变化情况。结果表明，苔草种子的休眠虽与多种因素相关，但种子中的ＡＢＡ是抑制萌发的主要物质。     

5种药剂对枸杞棉蚜室内毒力及田间防效

为了明确5种药剂对枸杞棉蚜的适宜施药剂量,开展了室内毒力测定和田间药效试验.结果 表明,1％甲维盐EC对枸杞棉蚜的毒力最高,50％噻虫嗪WG毒力最低,24 h LC50分别为2.44 mg/L和1875.69 mg/L.5种药剂毒力大小依次为甲维盐＞啶虫脒＞吡蚜酮＞呋虫胺＞噻虫嗪.田间试验结果表明,随着施药时间的延长,...