快速城市化城市生态基础设施结构特征与调控机制

城市化及其所带来的生态影响成为全球化的重要问题,在发展中国家尤为突出.城市生态基础设施也深受影响,其景观结构和生态功能受到影响.该文目的是通过对城市生态设施景观结构特征与形成机制的分析,研究快速城市化背景下的城市生态基础设施调控方法,为城市生态建设提供理论依据.该文主要分析了以大城市为中心的快速城市化区域生态基础设施的空间破碎化、景观粒度、人工影响与景观不稳定性、系统生态服务功能格局和景观连通性等结构特征,并分析了快速城市化下城市生态基础设施景观结构特征的形成机制.结果显示快速城市化地区基础生态设施表现出高度破碎化、高度人工化和生态不稳定性、低生态服务功能、低景观连通度等特征,并从城市中心向郊区和城市化区域呈梯度差异分布.而区域自然环境资源分布特征、区域管理政策、交通系统和历史文化因素是影响快速城市化地区生态设施结构特征的主要因素.基于这些分析,进一步提出生态系统压力与承载力评估、生态适宜性评价、生态系统生态服务功能估量,以及景观格局与生态过程分析为基础的多尺度综合调控机制.运用景观生态学格局-过程-功能原理,综合研究城市化条件下的城市生态基础设施布局与生态学功能之间的关系及优化调整机制,为城市生态建设与城市规划提供科学理论依据.     

山西省庞泉沟自然保护区森林群落主要物种生态位特征

以群落标准地作为资源状态,以物种的重要值作为物种对资源位计测依据,用Levins公式中的Shannon-Wiener指数和生态位重叠指数对山西省庞泉沟自然保护区森林群落10种主要乔木、9种主要灌木和10种主要草本植物进行生态位分析.结果表明,在群落的乔木层中,华北落叶松的生态位宽度最大,为3.252 4,它与云杉是庞泉沟自然保护区的优势种;灌木层中毛叶水子、茶条槭等为优势种;草本层中黄精、粗根老鹳草等为优势种.优势种间生态位重叠值较大,资源共享趋势比较明显,在资源利用中存在一定的竞争.该文的研究结果可为庞泉沟自然保护区加强野生动植物资源保护管理以及景观资源的合理规划和目标管理提供基础材料.     

植物功能型及其划分方法

综述了植物功能型（plant functional types,PFTs）的概念、发展历史、研究意义以及现有的植物功能型划分方法．分析了目前植物功能型研究中所面临的几大难题,对现有的划分方法进行了分析和评价,以期为国内研究者在本领域进一步开展实验提供参考．最后以McIntyre ＆ Lavorel的五步研究方法为基础在四川西部卧龙自然保护区亚高山暗针叶林进行了实例研究．结果根据物种对林窗微环境的响应将林窗中的物种划分为2个PFTs：无响应群和敏感群．划分结果与物种本身对光湿条件的需求基本吻合．证明能够用该方法进行卧龙亚高山森林植物功能型的划分研究,     

The role of discharge variation in scaling of drainage area and food chain length in rivers

Food chain length (FCL) is a fundamental component of food web structure. Studies in a variety of ecosystems suggest that FCL is determined by energy supply, environmental stability, and/or ecosystem size, but the nature of the relationship between environmental stability and FCL, and the mechanism linking ecosystem size to FCL, remain unclear. Here we show that FCL increases with drainage area and decreases with hydrologic variability and intermittency across 36 North American rivers. Our analysis further suggests that hydrologic variability is the mechanism underlying the correlation between ecosystem size and FCL in rivers. Ecosystem size lengthens river food chains by integrating and attenuating discharge variation through stream networks, thereby enhancing environmental stability in larger river systems.     

连云港沙质海岸防护林地的土壤特性

测定了连云港沙质海岸刺槐纯林、杨树纯林、刺槐×杨树混交林、美国白蜡×桑混交林、苦楝×桑混交林5种模式防护林林地土壤理化性质,以附近未造林的草地为对照,分析了各林地的土壤理化性质,对5种模式防护林地的土壤理化特性进行聚类分类。结果表明:防护林能减少土壤密度,增大孔隙,改善土壤颗粒组成,增加土壤有机质和速效养分,降低pH值;不同林龄和树种改土能力不同;表层(0刺槐×杨树混交林>杨树纯林>新造林和对照地。     

Nephrogenic diabetes insipidus in a dog with intestinal leiomyosarcoma

Nephrogenic diabetes insipidus was diagnosed in a dog with an intestinal leiomyosarcoma. The diagnosis of nephrogenic diabetes insipidus was made on the basis of results of serum biochemical tests, urinalyses, and a water-deprivation test, along with a lack of response to exogenous administration of vasopressin following the water-deprivation test. The temporal association between resection of the intestinal mass and resolution of clinical signs of diabetes insipidus (i.e., polyuria and polydipsia) and between recurrence of clinical signs and detection of metastatic disease suggests that there may have been a causal relationship, and nephrogenic diabetes insipidus may have developed as a paraneoplastic syndrome in this dog.     

Borreliosis in equids in northeastern United States

During 1982 and 1985, blood samples from 705 equids were examined for antibodies to Borrelia burgdorferi. By indirect immunofluorescence staining, IgM and total immunoglobulin (IgM and IgG) antibodies were detected in 37 (5.3%) and 90 (12.8%) serum specimens, respectively. The geometric mean titer for IgM antibody (140.4) was highest during July, whereas total immunoglobulin ranged from 94.1 in October to 338 in May. Eighty-six equids with total immunoglobulin to B burgdorferi lived in areas of Connecticut where the primary tick vector, Ixodes dammini, was present. Of the 86 equids, 9 from Lyme, Connecticut and Westchester County, New York had antibodies to B burgdorferi and developed limb or joint disorders that resulted in single or recurrent episodes of lameness.     

Retrospective study of 24 cases of septic calcaneal bursitis in the horse

REASONS FOR PERFORMING STUDY: Wounds to the plantar aspect of the tarsus present a diagnostic and treatment challenge. This study was undertaken to describe specific features of traumatic wounds involving the calcaneal bursa, with a view to determining which clinical examination findings and diagnostic tests results could provide reliable indicators of prognosis. OBJECTIVES: To report clinical presentation, diagnostic findings, treatment and outcome of 24 cases of septic calcaneal bursitis; and to determine the importance of the involvement of specific anatomical structures in relation to the prognosis for survival and return to athletic function. METHODS: Records of 24 horses that had suffered traumatic wounds involving the calcaneal bursae were reviewed and divided into 3 groups, based on the bursa involved and presence or absence of involvement of the tuber calcanei. Clinical, diagnostic imaging and surgical findings were recorded for each case. Differences between groups and outcome were examined for significance with Chi-squared, Fisher's Exact or Kruskal-Wallis tests, as appropriate. RESULTS: Wounds involving only the subcutaneous bursa had an excellent prognosis for survival. Seventy-five percent of horses with wounds involving the intertendinous calcaneal bursa survived. Involvement of the tuber calcanei presented a fair to guarded prognosis, with only 44% of horses with involvement of this structure surviving. CONCLUSIONS: In contrast to other studies of septic synovial structures, the time between initial injury and referral did not affect the outcome. Correct identification of invasion of the calcaneal bursa(e) and/or tuber calcanei in wounds to the plantar aspect of the tarsus allows for more accurate pronostication. Damage to the tuber calcanei presents a poorer prognosis than for cases that involve only the soft tissue structures in the region. POTENTIAL RELEVANCE: This study demonstrates the importance of correct anatomical identification of structures involved in wounds in the region of the calcaneal bursa. The use of radiography, ultrasonography and synoviocentesis are essential in these cases to provide the most appropriate treatment for the horse and accurate prognosis for the owner.     

Water transport in the kidney and nephrogenic diabetes insipidus

Nephrogenic diabetes insipidus is caused by an inability of the kidney to concentrate urine despite adequate concentration of vasopressin in blood and is characterized by polyuria, polydipsia, and hyposthenuria in the presence of plasma hyperosmolality. Nephrogenic diabetes insipidus is the result of defects in water homeostasis in the kidney. Nephrogenic diabetes insipidus occurs when the kidneys cannot or do not respond to vasopressin. There are 2 categories of nephrogenic diabetes insipidus. Congenital nephrogenic diabetes insipidus is a rare, inherited, irreversible cause of polyuria and polydipsia in humans that is even rarer in animals. Acquired nephrogenic diabetes insipidus is more common and is often secondary to illness or medication that interferes with the action of vasopressin in the renal tubules. Unlike congenital nephrogenic diabetes insipidus, acquired or secondary nephrogenic diabetes insipidus is often reversible with correction of the associated or causative problem.     

Bush cover and range condition assessments in relation to landscape and grazing in southern Ethiopia

Progressive growth of bush cover in dry savannahs is responsible for declines in range conditions. In southern Ethiopia, the Booran pastoralists assisted our understanding of spatial patterns of bush cover and range conditions in 54 landscape patch types grouped into six landscape units within an area of 30000 km². The size of landscape patches sampled was 625 m². We assessed the relationships between bush cover, grass cover and bare soil and grazing pressure and soil erosion and changes in range condition. Externally, political conflicts and internally, break down of land use, and official bans on the use of fire promoted bush cover and the decline in range conditions. Bush cover was negatively correlated with grass cover, and positively correlated with bare soil. Grass cover was negatively correlated with bare soil and grazing pressure in most landscape patch types. Grazing pressure was not significantly correlated with bush cover or bare soil, while soil erosion was directly related to bare soil. Soil erosion was absent in 64% of the landscape patch types, and seemingly not a threat to the rangelands. The relationship between bush cover, grass cover, bare soil and soil erosion is complex and related to climate, landscape geology, and patterns of land use. Main threats to range conditions are bush climax, loss of grass cover and unpalatable forbs. Currently, >70% of the landscape patch types are in poor to fair range conditions. Decline in range conditions, unless reversed, will jeopardise the pastoral production system in southern Ethiopia.