外来植物豚草入侵对土壤碳氮转化的影响

选取撂荒田地为试验样地,以入侵植物豚草（Ambrosia artemisiifolia L.）为对象,以土著优势物种窃衣（Torilis scabra Thunb.）为参照,通过对入侵植物和土著植物根际土壤的采样分析,研究了入侵植物对入侵地土壤特性及土壤碳氮转化的影响。结果表明,与土著物种窃衣相比,豚草入侵使土壤有机质含量增加89.13%,全氮含量增加42.15%,铵态氮含量增加43.69%,硝态氮含量增加35.36%,微生物量碳增加52.08%,微生物量氮增加61.26%,氮净矿化速率增加1.41倍,氮净氨化速率增加206倍,但硝化速率和反硝化速率变化不明显。由此可见,豚草显著改变了入侵地土壤的理化特性,加速了土壤碳氮转化过程。     

GFRP肋式剪力连接件受力性能对比试验研究

剪力连接件是保证GFRP混凝土组合梁/板中两种不同材料共同工作的重要构造,设计了矩形肋和T形肋两类GFRP肋式剪力连接件,进行了3组共8个GFRP肋式剪力连接件的推出试验,包括：矩形肋开孔、T形肋开孔、T形肋不开孔3组GFRP肋式剪力连接件,得到了其破坏形态、极限承载力、荷载滑移曲线及荷载应变变化规律,重点研究肋内开孔及肋的截面形式对GFRP肋式剪力连接件受力性能的影响。试验结果表明：GFRP肋式剪力连接件的破坏形态均为混凝土劈裂破坏;对比矩形肋开孔试件,T形肋开孔试件强度高、延性好;对比T形肋不开孔试件,T形肋开孔试件强度与延性均能提高。基于试验结果,建立了考虑肋内开孔及肋截面形式影响的GFRP肋式剪力连接件极限承载力计算公式,拟合得到了GFRP肋式剪力连接件的荷载滑移曲线上升段的理论模型,建立了其抗剪刚度计算公式。     

不同海拔下柴油机可调二级增压系统的经济性调节方法

在6V柴油机原机模型校核的基础上,按照高原匹配策略匹配了可调二级增压系统,并搭建了可调二级增压柴油机性能仿真模型。研究了不同海拔环境下(0 m和4.5 km)高压级涡轮旁通流量率对柴油机性能参数的影响规律,分析了旁通流量率对柴油机燃油经济性的影响机理,以及海拔环境对柴油机二级增压系统调节规律的影响。得到了不同海拔环境下(0 m和4.5 km)高压级涡轮旁通流量率的经济性调节规律和可靠性调节规律。相较于可靠性调节规律,经济性调节规律的调节范围更加宽广,能够显著降低调节区域的燃油消耗率。4.5 km海拔环境下经济性调节规律的调节区域比0 m海拔环境下经济性调节规律的调节区域窄。在低负荷时,4.5 km海拔环境下燃油消耗率比平原时低,中高负荷时比平原时高。     

入侵害虫康瘿蚊在海南省的发生危害调查

原产于东南亚的多食性害虫康瘿蚊(Contarinia maculipennis Felt)于2010年首次在我国海南省三亚市的兰花大棚中被发现。2012~2013年笔者对该入侵害虫在海南省的发生危害情况进行了全面调查,结果表明,该害虫已在文昌市、东方市、乐东县和三亚市的主要兰花种植基地普遍发生,其主要寄主为兰科(Orchidaceae)的石斛兰(Dendrobium spp.),在7个兰花种植场中石斛兰的被害指数介于5.45~97.92。康瘿蚊幼虫种群发生动态随岛内季节性气温的高低而变化,其中,害虫高种群密度的发生和对兰花的主要为害期出现于每年的6月下旬~12月中旬,石斛兰花苞的受害率与田间康瘿蚊幼虫的种群密度显著相关。     

蒸发条件下地下水对土壤水盐分布的影响

土壤水分是盐分运移的载体,蒸发条件下地下水会对土壤盐碱化产生一定影响。本文在白炽灯（275 W）模拟稳定蒸发和土柱模拟50 cm地下水位的条件下,设置4组重复,试验中水温盐传感器每隔1 h采集一组数据,测定土柱中5～50 cm的土壤水、盐含量,观察表层析出盐分。结果表明：蒸发条件下盐分聚集过程中,距地表30 cm处土壤水、盐含量在蒸发进行3 d左右出现峰值;距地表30 cm处含水率的定值略低于距地表50 cm处含水率定值,而含盐量定值与距地表50 cm处含水率定值相近。距地表10 cm处土层水盐含量在蒸发进行第7天左右时间出现峰值,然后水分逐渐降低并趋近一个定值;说明距地表30 cm以下土体作为一个通道起到盐分的传递作用,土柱蒸发结束后,形成“浅集表聚”的分布特征。K⁺、Na⁺和Mg²⁺的含量从纵剖面分析都呈现自下而上50～25 cm逐渐减小、25～0 cm逐渐升高的趋势,并且三种离子都在25 cm埋深即土柱的1/2处产生一个最小值;除去表层由于反盐堆积的离子外,CO₃^2-、SO₄^2-在蒸发过程中无太大波动。蒸发结束后,4种阴离子除HCO₃^-含量大于初始值外,其它3种离子均小于初始值。     

Genetic progress in wheat yield and associated traits in China since 1945 and future prospects

Genetic progress has brought about a dramatic increase in yield potential per se for almost all production areas around the world. The present study examines the relationship of wheat yield with year of release, yield components, harvest index (HI), biomass production, and plant height. We used aggregative data from 1945 to 2010 to calculate genetic gain in wheat yield across different zones in China. A deeper understanding of these issues facilitates the identification of specific yield-limiting factors that can be used for future breeding strategies. Absolute yield gain for the different zones was found to range from 20 to 103 kg ha^?1 year^?1, whereas relative yield gain ranged from 0.33 to 1.42 % per year. When data from all the Chinese wheat production zones was pooled, yield gain at the national level had an absolute value of 66 kg ha^?1 year^?1 and a relative value of 1 % per year. Grain weight and spike weight, rather than the other yield components, are significantly correlated with year of release for most zones, suggesting that these two were the most promising traits for breeders in the past. These two traits are also responsible for the significant genetic progress in wheat yield in China since 1949. HI and biomass production also showed strong correlation with year of release and grain yield. In China, HI and grain weight have experienced such a substantial increase that both have almost reached their theoretical maxima in the period 1945–2010. Further improvement in the yield potential of wheat will have to involve increase in biomass production and grain number. This paper also reviews cropping systems and technologies as well as improvement in physiological trait from 1945 onwards during the period of genetic gain.     

β-胡萝卜素对绵羊瘤胃纤维素降解的影响

试验采用瘤胃尼龙袋法,自身对照法试验设计,选用6只已安装永久性瘤胃瘘管的蒙古羯羊,分2组,即0.005%β-C组和0.008%β-C组,研究在日粮中添加β-胡萝卜素对绵羊瘤胃纤维物质降解的影响。结果表明:不同培养时间点试验组对羊草DM的降解率相对于对照组有增加的趋势;和对照组相比日粮中添加β-胡萝卜素对羊草DM、NDF降解的动力学参数不同,试验组羊草DM快速降解部分a均极显著的高于对照组,即0.005%β-胡萝卜素组极显著高于对照组(11.17%vs7.83%)(P<0.01),0.008%β-胡萝卜素组极显著高于对照组(11.40%vs7.83%)(P<0.01);羊草NDF快速降解部分a为对照组高于试验组;羊草NDF慢速降解部分b为试验组高于对照组;羊草NDF潜在可降解部分a+b为试验组高于对照组;羊草DM有效降解率ED比较,0.005%β-胡萝卜素组和对照组间达差异极显著水平(25.09%vs20.12%()P<0.01),0.005%β-胡萝卜素组和0.008%β-胡萝卜素组间比较达显著差异水平(25.09%vs21.42%)(P<0.05)。     

高产优质抗病花生新品种湛油75选育及配套栽培技术

湛油75是湛江市农业科学研究所于1997年采用汕油523作为母本、粤油79作父本杂交选育而成。2004-2005年参加广东省花生品种区域试验,2007～2008年参加全国（南方区）花生区试,2009年参加国家南方区花生品种生产试验,均表现高产、优质等特性,2008年1月通过广东省农作物品种委员会的审定;2010年1月通...     

沙地樟子松天然林自然落种和土壤种子库的特征

研究了呼伦贝尔沙地3种类型的樟子松天然林内天然母树的自然落种和土壤种子库特征.结果表明:土壤种子库中种子数量的空间分布特征和母树自然落种数量的空间分布规律相同.从树干或林缘向外,随着传播距离的增加,土壤种子库的种子数量和母树自然落种的种子数量均有降低的趋势.从树干或林缘向外4～5m范围内樟子松母树自然落种数量最多,而后随着距离的增加,自然落种数量明显减少.樟子松天然林母树自然落种的传播距离范围可以达到25m,表明在适宜条件下,沙地樟子松天然林通过自然更新,能够迅速扩展林缘,扩大种群.     

Liver proteomic analysis of the large yellow croaker (Pseudosciaena crocea) following polyriboinosinic:polyribocytidylic acid induction

In the present study, we examined the liver protein profiles of the large yellow croaker (Pseudosciaena crocea) exposed to polyriboinosinic:polyribocytidylic acid [poly(I:C)], a viral mimic, using the differential proteomic approach. Sixteen altered protein spots were identified by matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization time of flight mass spectrometry or matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization time of flight/time of flight mass spectrometry, including eight upregulated proteins and eight downregulated proteins. These altered host proteins were classified into six categories based on their biological function: cellular process, metabolic process, biological regulation, binding, and catabolic process, highlighting the fact that response to poly(I:C) induction in fish seems to be complex and diverse. Moreover, four corresponding genes of the differentially expressed proteins were validated by relative quantitative real-time PCR. Western blot analysis further demonstrated the changes in protein abundance of natural killer enhancing factor and peroxiredoxin 6. These results will be helpful in furthering our understanding of the changes of physiological processes in liver of fish during virus infection.