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151.
While several studies have demonstrated that roads can act as barriers to small mammal movement, the relationship between
road density and small mammal abundance has not yet been investigated. In southeastern Ontario, Peromyscus leucopus (white-footed mice) suffer high over-winter mortality rates, resulting in small springtime populations and frequent local
extinctions. Peromyscus leucopus movement is known to be inhibited by roads, which should result in lower rates of immigration into and recolonization of
habitats in landscapes with high road density. We tested two predictions: (1) Forest sites situated in landscapes with high
road densities have a higher chance of P. leucopus being absent during the early spring than forest sites situated in landscapes with low road densities and (2) P. leucopus populations during the summer are smaller in forest sites situated in landscapes with high road densities than in landscapes
with low road densities. We sampled P. leucopus in focal patches within nineteen landscapes (7 rural, low-road-density landscapes; 7 rural, high-road-density landscapes;
5 urban landscapes). There was no significant relationship between road density and the presence/absence of P. leucopus during the early spring. We found a significant positive effect of road density on P. leucopus relative abundance during the summer, even when we excluded the urban landscapes and based the analysis on only the 14 rural
landscapes. Our results suggest that any negative effect of roads on P. leucopus populations, created by their inhibition to moving across roads, is far outweighed by some positive effect of roads on P. leucopus abundance. We suggest that the two most likely explanations are that roads are positively correlated with an important as-yet-undetermined
component of habitat quality, or that roads positively affect P. leucopus by negatively affecting their predators. 相似文献
152.
153.
154.
Andreas Kofoet Mathias Fink 《European journal of plant pathology / European Foundation for Plant Pathology》2007,117(4):369-381
Epidemics of Peronospora parasitica are strongly affected by temperature and air moisture, and the interaction of these factors. Because a significant percentage
of radish plants are grown in greenhouses, it may be possible to influence epidemics by altering the greenhouse climate. The
objective of this study was to test the hypothesis that epidemics of P. parasitica can be modelled by the effects of air temperature and moisture in the greenhouse. Such a model could then be used to analyse
greenhouse climate control strategies with regard to managing downy mildew. Five radish crops were grown under greenhouse
conditions with set-points for heating and ventilation intended to obtain favourable conditions for disease development during
the first part of the growing cycle. Subsequent to this first phase, unfavourable conditions were set until harvest. Disease
incidence was measured once a week until the radishes reached marketable size. In addition, experiments were carried out in
growth chambers in which inoculated plants were subjected to air temperatures between 8 and 27°C, and disease incidence and
sporulation intensity were measured. Data from these two experiments were then used to estimate model parameters. In this
model, the interactions of air temperature (T) and water vapour saturation deficit (SD) were adequately described by a multiplicative
relationship. The simulated epidemics by the fitted model were highly correlated with the observed epidemics (r = 0.91, R
2 = 0.83, n = 29). Parameter estimates indicated that T of ca. 20°C and SD < 0.03 hPa resulted in the highest rates of disease development
and that the rate was zero when SD > 2.0 hPa. Both experimental data and simulations showed that epidemics of P. parasitica can be effectively controlled by managing the greenhouse climate. 相似文献
155.
Kana Naito Yasuhiro Ishiga Kazuhiro Toyoda Tomonori Shiraishi Yuki Ichinose 《Journal of General Plant Pathology》2007,73(4):281-285
Flagellin in Pseudomonas syringae is a potent elicitor of defense responses including hypersensitive cell death in dicot plants. The oligopeptides flg22 consisting
of 22 conserved amino acids near the N-terminus of flagellins is reported to induce plant defense responses. Because glycosylation
of the central domain of flagellin affects its elicitor activity, we investigated whether any peptide sequence in addition
to flg22 is required for flagellin-induced hypersensitive reaction. A study of recombinant flagellin polypeptides indicated
that the N-terminal domain including the conserved flg22 is required for flagellin-induced hypersensitive cell death in Arabidopsis thaliana. 相似文献
156.
Alessandro Zanzotto Federica Autiero Diego Bellotto Gianluca Dal Cortivo Gianluca Lucchetta Michele Borgo 《European journal of plant pathology / European Foundation for Plant Pathology》2007,119(2):183-192
During a 6-year study, grapevine propagation materials and young grapevines were analysed to evaluate the presence of internal
wood discolouration and the occurrence of fungal species involved in Petri disease. The intensity of wood discolouration increased
with the ageing of the plants. The maximum incidence of dark streaks was observed in the rootstock while necrosis originating
from buds or nodes were notably present in the trunk and cordon of older vines. In contrast, the highest levels of brown-red
halo symptoms, defined as discoloured areas around the pith, were recorded in the early growth stages. Phaeoacremonium spp. and Phaeomoniella chlamydospora were usually isolated from the rooted-grafts and the 3-year old plants, respectively. The number of infected grapevines increased
with age. Most of the P. chlamydospora strains were isolated from dark streaks or dots, while Phaeoacremonium spp. were detected in brown-red halo symptoms and other symptomatic or asymptomatic wood. The greatest incidence of the two
fungal taxa was recorded in the lower parts of the grapevine, including the roots and rootstock. 相似文献
157.
158.
Philipp B. Gannibal Sonja S. Klemsdal Mark M. Levitin 《European journal of plant pathology / European Foundation for Plant Pathology》2007,119(2):175-182
Alternaria tenuissima is a common pathogen on a number of plants described in several geographic regions of the world. Genetic variation within
and between Russian Far East, North West and Caucasus populations of A. tenuissima from wheat was examined. In addition, genetic differences between isolates from various hosts were estimated. In total, 101
isolates of A. tenuissima were studied using amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP) with four primer combinations. Wright’s fixation index (F
st), gene flow (N
m) and gene diversity (H
s) were calculated. AFLP banding patterns indicated significant genetic distance and at the same time a low level of gene flow
between the Far East and the two other groups of isolates originating from the European part of country. The degree of similarity
between the North West and Caucasus populations was very high, as was the migration rate. Isolates analysed by UPGMA-based
cluster analysis were grouped according to location of origin but irrespective of plant host. Based on the F
st value, the group of isolates originating from wheat and barley were not found to differ significantly from each other. 相似文献
159.
160.
Yasuhiro Tomitaka Tohru Yamashita Kazusato Ohshima 《Journal of General Plant Pathology》2007,73(3):197-208
The genetic structure of the populations of Turnip mosaic virus in Kyushu and central Honshu, Japan was assessed. The host specificity of isolates was determined, and their gene sequences
compared utilizing a population genetic approach. Phylogenetic analysis of partial sequences revealed that 32 of 49 Honshu
isolates (65%) collected during 1997–2001 belonged to the basal-BR group as did 23 of 64 isolates from Kyushu. All these basal-BR
isolates infected both Brassica and Raphanus plants. However, analyses of the positions of recombination sites in five regions of the genome (one third of the full sequence)
showed that at least four intra-lineage recombinants were present in these populations. These analyses showed that Kyushu
and Honshu shared none of these subpopulations, and genetically distinct basal-BR populations were present in the two districts.
We conclude that different basal-BR subpopulations had expanded into those districts.
The nucleotide sequences are deposited in the DDBJ/EMBL/GenBank databases under accession numbers AB267281-AB267376. 相似文献