Occurrence of Grapevine Pinot gris virus in Poland and description of asymptomatic exhibitions in grapevines

Journal of Plant Diseases and Protection - Sixty five grapevines in productive areas from southern regions in Poland were tested for the presence of Grapevine Pinot gris virus (GPGV) by RT-PCR....     

新疆伊犁马泌乳曲线影响因素的研究

[目的]通过拟合伊犁母马的最佳泌乳曲线来预测伊犁母马产奶能力.[方法]选取6～7岁、处于泌乳中期的伊犁母马60匹为研究对象,利用4种模型(高斯模型、Nelder逆多项式模型、立方模型和六次多项式模型)和3种日间隔方式(间隔0、10、30 d),对第3、4胎次的伊犁母马的泌乳曲线进行拟合,分析不同模型、日间隔和胎次3个因素对泌乳曲线拟合度及其参数值的影响.[结果]4种模型泌乳曲线拟合度变化范围为0.077 7～0.827 0,不同模型极显著影响参数b值、c值、拟合度R2(P＜0.01),显著影响参数a值(P＜0.05),日间隔、胎次水平对参数a值、b值、c值和拟合度均没有显著性影响(P＞0.05).六次多项式模型拟合度最高,逆多项式回归模型拟合度最低,立方模型拟合曲线更接近实际产奶.[结论]该马场中第3胎次伊犁马间隔0d的产奶量的拟合效果较好,其中立方模型拟合曲线的泌乳潜力较高,达到泌乳高峰速度较慢,从泌乳高峰下降速度较慢,科学评定伊犁母马的泌乳能力,确定立方模型为第3、4胎次伊犁马最佳泌乳曲线模型,为伊犁马的产奶性能的科学选育提供前期基础.     

Adaptation to common optimum in different populations of Norway spruce (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Picea abies</Emphasis> Karst.)

Responses of Norway spruce populations to climatic transfer, in terms of growth and survival, were analyzed on the basis of a provenance experiment derived from the international provenance test IUFRO 1964/1968. The experiment comprises a series of five trial plots situated at contrasting elevations ranging from 484 to 1,275 m a.s.l., with 11 provenances represented at all trial plots that were used for the analysis. Transfer rates were defined as differences in altitudes or climatic variables between the site of plantation and the site of origin. Optimal transfer rates and optimal climates for individual provenances were derived from quadratic response functions. Spruce provenances generally responded positively by height and volume growth to transfer into lower altitudes, i.e., warmer conditions with less precipitations. The analysis at the level of provenances showed that optimal transfer rates were consistently negatively correlated with the underlying environmental variables and optimal climates were consequently nearly the same for all provenances irrespective of the response traits and ecodistance variables. Stability indices based on joint regression analysis indicate that provenances from higher altitudes, colder and wetter climates tend to be more stable, whereas provenances from lower altitudes, drier and warmer sites are more responsive to site quality. However, the differences in the stability are small and stability indices were generally close to 1. The results indicate that populations in different climates remain adapted to a common optimum and the extent of local adaptation is quite limited. Possible explanations of this observation are briefly discussed.     

Sedimentary archive of contamination in the confined channel of the Ohře River,Czech Republic

Purpose

The Oh?e River has received contamination from metal mining and metallurgy (mainly Cu, Pb, Sn, U, Zn) over the previous five centuries. This contamination history has been poorly documented. Contamination has entered the river system in its middle reach, where the channel is incised and bedrock confined, which impedes overbank deposition. Our objective was to locate and describe a sedimentary record in this unfavourable depositional setting.

Materials and methods

Three former channel bars that have coalesced with the riverbank were revealed by examination of historical and current maps and a digital terrain model. Manual coring in the bar and in situ (handheld) X-ray fluorescence (XRF) spectroscopy provided data for developing a contamination chemostratigraphy, which was correlated with the mining history in the region. Detailed topographic examination of the bar and valley edge was important to understanding the evolution of one of the bars. Optically stimulated luminescence (OSL) dating was used to verify the timing of deposition.

Results and discussion

Handheld XRF for in situ analysis of element composition is efficient for studying contaminated sediment bodies with complex stratigraphy, which require extensive coring and stratigraphic correlation. Despite the unfavourable settings, the channel bars trapped sufficient sediment to produce a record that correlates with the history of contamination in the drainage basin. In the bar studied in greatest detail, we observed a surprising amount of contamination passing through the Oh?e River channel (up to 300 mg kg^?1 of Cu, 340 mg kg^?1 of Pb and 630 mg kg^?1 of Sn in fine sand and silt deposits) associated with a pollution climax in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries. Modern contamination (Hg and U deposited in the nineteenth and twentieth centuries) was entrapped with low efficiency based on comparable concentrations of Hg and U located 90 km downstream.

Conclusions

The efficacy of the use of historical maps and detailed fieldwork was demonstrated by identification of unique depositional meso-environments, which are rare in bedrock-confined fluvial systems. The contamination chemostratigraphy of the bar deposits was correlated with the local mining and pollution history and contributed to an understanding of the bar evolution. The approach used in our study may be applicable to other montane rivers with historic ore mining and processing in their basins.

     

Annual ring orientation effect on bending strength of subfossil elm wood

The effect of annual rings’ orientation on bending strength was examined on subfossil elm wood. Elm is extremely rarely found as subfossil wood, and during the last 50–60 years it has almost disappeared from natural forest stands of south-eastern Europe, due to the Elm Dutch disease. The samples were cut from approximately 670 years old subfossil elm trunk retrieved from the bed of the river Sava in the area between the villages Grebnice and Domaljevac in north Bosnia. The wood was identified to the genus level based on optical microscopy analysis of three wood sections—transverse, tangential and radial. Bending strength was determined by the three-point bending test. The load was applied to the longitudinal–tangential surface (LT) and to the longitudinal–radial surface (LR). The bending strength values of subfossil elm do not differ from the values of recent elm, despite the 700-year resting in anoxic river conditions. Bending strength in LT direction was slightly higher than bending strength in LR direction. The coefficient of variation and the standard deviation of the arithmetical mean were higher for LT direction. It was found that the measured bending strength for both directions follows Weibull distribution. Coefficient of determination of Weibull functions was close to 1 for both directions. The Weibull shape parameter was higher for LR direction.     

Conversion of Norway spruce forests in the face of climate change: a case study in Central Europe

Steadily increasing damage to Norway spruce forests in Europe has caused researchers and managers to consider whether these forests can be converted to more stable ecosystems. In a central European mountain region, we investigated whether management systems (MSs) specified by regional stakeholders provide sound alternatives to the currently applied management. We used the forest model Sibyla to explore whether the tested MSs differ in their sensitivity to climate change in terms of altered biomass production, stand structure, forest damage, and financial outcome. The tested MSs were no-management (NM), currently applied management (BAU), and management based on the preferences of forest managers (FM) or on the preferences of other stakeholders (OSH). With NM, spruce remained dominant during the simulation period 2010–2100, and the rate of damage significantly increased. Spruce also remained dominant with FM, while the abundance of non-spruce species significantly increased with BAU and OSH. The rate of salvage logging converged at 50% of the total harvest for all MSs up to 2050. Climate change reduced biomass production (?15%) with all MSs but had a negligible effect on biodiversity indicators. The average initial value of the simulated stands was 20,000 € ha^?1 and the nominal value in 2100 was between 1900 and 10,900 € ha^?1. The Net Present Value calculated with the 2% interest rate was negative during the whole simulation period (?5600 to ?18,500 € ha^?1 in 2100). Effect of climate change on all financial indicators was negative. Our findings indicate that secondary spruce forests are highly vulnerable and that the systems proposed by both forest managers and other regional stakeholders failed to significantly reduce forest damage and stabilize forest production.     

Proximate and fatty acid composition of 13 important freshwater fish species in central Europe

We aimed to investigate proximate and fatty acid composition of important freshwater fish species in the Czech Republic. Sampled fish include seven species from intensive farming: African catfish, rainbow trout, Wels catfish, Nile tilapia, brook trout, northern whitefish, and pikeperch; eight species from semi-intensive culture systems: common carp, northern pike, pikeperch, grass carp, European perch, tench, silver carp, and catfish; and three species from extensive culture systems: rainbow trout, tench, and common carp. The fat content and fatty acid composition were highly influenced by the culture systems. Simultaneously, we observed a significant dependence of fatty acid composition on the fat content. The content of saturated fatty acids was below 34% in all analyzed fish. Northern pike, pikeperch, and European perch contained with over 50% the highest proportion of polyunsaturated fatty acids. Intensively cultured fish reached the highest content of eicosapentaenoic and docosahexaenoic fatty acid. Nutritional quality was determined by atherogenic and thrombogenic indexes which ranged from 0.27 to 0.63 and 0.20 to 0.61 and by ratios n-3/n-6 (0.54–3.45) and polyunsaturated/saturated fatty acids (0.67–2.01). Results demonstrated that the flesh of all studied species are of high nutritional quality.