Growth and body composition of juvenile white shrimp,Litopenaeus vannamei,fed different ratios of dietary protein to energy

A 10‐week feeding experiment was conducted to evaluate the effect of different protein to energy ratios on growth and body composition of juvenile Litopenaeus vannamei (initial average weight of 0.09 ± 0.002 g, mean ± SE). Twelve practical test diets were formulated to contain four protein levels (300, 340, 380 and 420 g kg^?1) and three lipid levels (50, 75 and 100 g kg^?1). Each diet was randomly fed to triplicate groups of 30 shrimps per tank (260 L). The water temperature was 28.5 ± 2 °C and the salinity was 28 ± 1 g L^?1 during the experimental period. The results showed that the growth was significantly (P < 0.05) affected by dietary treatments. Shrimps fed the diets containing 300 g kg^?1 protein showed the poorest growth. However, shrimp fed the 75 g kg^?1 lipid diets had only slightly higher growth than that fed 50 g kg^?1 lipid diets at the same dietary protein level, and even a little decline in growth with the further increase of dietary lipid to 100 g kg^?1. Shrimp fed the diet with 420 g kg^?1protein and 75 g kg^?1 lipid had the highest specific growth rate. However, shrimp fed the diet with 340 g kg^?1 protein and 75 g kg^?1 lipid showed comparable growth, and had the highest protein efficiency ratio, energy retention and feed efficiency ratio among dietary treatments. Triglycerides and total cholesterol in the serum of shrimp increased with increasing dietary lipid level at the same dietary protein level. Body lipid and energy increased with increasing dietary lipid level irrespective of dietary protein. Results of the present study showed that the diet containing 340 g kg^?1 protein and 75 g kg^?1 lipid with digestible protein/digestible energy of 21.1 mg kJ^?1 is optimum for L. vannamei, and the increase of dietary lipid level has not efficient protein‐sparing effect.     

Optimal dietary lipid level for large yellow croaker (Pseudosciaena crocea) larvae

A 30‐day feeding experiment was conducted in blue tanks (70 × 50 × 60 cm, water volume 180 L) to determine the effects of dietary lipid levels on the survival, growth and body composition of large yellow croaker (Pseudosciaena crocea) larvae (12 days after hatchery, with initial average weight 1.93 ± 0.11 mg). Five practical microdiets, containing 83 g kg^?1 (Diet 1), 126 g kg^?1 (Diet 2), 164 g kg^?1 (Diet 3), 204 g kg^?1 (Diet 4) and 248 g kg^?1 lipid (Diet 5), were formulated. Live feeds (Artemia sinicia nauplii and live copepods) were used as the control diet (Diet 6). Each diet was randomly assigned to triplicate groups of tanks, and each tank was stocked with 3500 larvae. During the experiment, water temperature was maintained at 23(±1) °C, pH 8.0 (±0.2) and salinity 25 (±2) g L^?1. The results showed that dietary lipid significantly influenced the survival and growth of large yellow croaker larvae. Survival increased with the increase of dietary lipid from 83 to 164 g kg^?1, and then decreased. The survival of larvae fed the diet with 83 g kg^?1 lipid (16.1%) was significantly lower than that of larvae fed other diets. However, the survival in larvae fed the diet with 16.4 g kg^?1 lipid was the highest compared with other artificial microdiets. Specific growth rate (SGR) significantly increased with increasing dietary lipid level from 83 to 164 g kg^?1 (P < 0.05), and then decreased. The SGR in larvae fed the diet with 164 g kg^?1 lipid (10.0% per day) was comparable with 204 g kg^?1 lipid (9.6% per day), but were significantly higher than other microdiets (P < 0.05). On the basis of survival and SGR, the optimum dietary lipid level was estimated to be 172 and 177 g kg^?1 of diet using second‐order polynomial regression analysis respectively.     

微粒饲料替代生物饵料对大黄鱼稚鱼生长、存活和消化酶活力的影响

以初始体重为(1.93±0.11) mg的大黄鱼稚鱼(12日龄)为实验对象,以微粒饲料(micro-diet,MD)分别替代0%、25%、50%、75%和100%生物饵料(live prey,LP),探讨微粒饲料替代生物饵料对大黄鱼稚鱼生长、存活、体成分和消化酶活力的影响.30 d的摄食生长实验表明:微粒饲料替代生物饵料显著影响大黄鱼稚鱼的生长、存活、体成分和消化酶活力.当微粒饲料替代50%和75%生物饵料时,两组间的特定生长率(SGR)差异不显著(P＞0.05),但均显著高于100%替代水平(P＜0.05);同时,75%替代水平SGR显著高于0%和25%替代水平(P＜0.05).存活率在各处理组间的差异关系与SGR的变化趋势类似.鱼体粗蛋白含量随替代水平的升高有下降的趋势,其中50%、75%和100%替代水平鱼体粗蛋白含量显著低于0%和25%替代水平(P＜0.05),而鱼体粗脂肪含量变化趋势与之相反.当微粒饲料替代100%生物饵料时,其胰段和肠段淀粉酶活力显著高于其余各处理组(P＜0.05),而其余各处理组之间淀粉酶活力差异均不显著;微粒饲料替代生物饵料对各处理组蛋白酶活力无显著影响.由此可以看出,大黄鱼苗种生产中,在12日龄以后使用优质微粒饲料替代50%～75%的生物饵料是可行的.     

离体培养条件下半夏叶柄形成珠芽过程中内源激素的变化

为了探讨半夏试管珠芽形成的生理生化机制,以半夏无菌叶柄为材料,倒置在MS基本培养基上,对半夏珠芽形成过程中5种内源激素(IAA、GA3、ABA、ZR、JA)的动态变化进行了研究。结果表明:倒置半夏叶柄的珠芽无一例外地出现在叶柄形态学上端;ELISA方法测定显示,半夏叶柄形成珠芽的过程中叶柄上端IAA、ABA、ZR和JA的含量呈上升趋势,GA3在的珠芽形成初期急剧下降。随着珠芽的形成,GA3与其它各激素的平衡关系发生变化,IAA/GA3、ABA/GA3、ZR/GA3和JA/GA3的比值先呈下降趋势,15 d后开始上升;在珠芽快速形成期(10~20 d)IAA/GA3、ABA/GA3和JA/GA3维持在高的水平,其中JA/GA3的比值20 d后又呈上升趋势。     

土壤不同形态碳氮含量和酶活性对培养时间及外源碳投入的响应

在绿色农业科技的推动下,有机物料资源化利用备受青睐,但有机物料种类不同对土壤肥力的提升效果不同,为探究有机物料施用对潮土不同形态碳氮含量及酶活性的动态影响,通过为期1年的培养试验,设置添加10 g/kg的秸秆菌渣(S)、树枝菌渣(B)、小麦秸秆(W)、黑麦草秸秆(R)和蚕豆秸秆(BB),并以空白处理作为对照(CK)。结果表明:与CK相比,有机物料施用显著增加土壤不同形态碳氮含量及酶活性,随培养时间的延长,有机碳及全氮含量呈增加的趋势,增幅分别为25.4%～42.9%和35%～60%,易氧化有机碳和碱解氮含量呈先上升后下降的趋势,最大值分别为2.80,43.26 mg/kg,水溶性有机碳、微生物量碳氮和酶活性则呈下降的趋势,最大值分别为346 mg/kg,293μg/g和23.08μg/g。有机物料施用会增加土壤酶活性提高土壤呼吸速率,通过对3个取样期7种水解酶的分析发现,酶活性表现为:LAPPHOSNAGBGCBAGXYL,即参与氮循环酶活性参与磷循环酶活性参与碳循环酶活性,绿肥秸秆主要增加氮循环酶活性,且以BB处理酶活性最高,菌菇渣主要增加碳循环酶活性,B处理酶活性高于S处理。有机物料施用会影响土壤酶活性,增加不同形态碳氮含量,但增幅因有机物料种类不同而有所差异,且碳氮组分对培养时间的响应不一。总体而言,小麦秸秆和蚕豆秸秆腐殖化系数最高,对不同组分碳氮含量增加效果最优。     

沙柳和柠条灌丛分枝生长对模拟降雨改变的响应

利用模拟降雨操纵试验(对照、降雨增加45％和减少50％),研究第2年沙柳和柠条灌丛不同径级分枝生长对模拟降雨改变的响应.结果表明:1)沙柳10～15 mm径级的分枝基径、枝长和生物量对降雨改变有一定响应,15 ～ 20 mm径级分枝枝长和生物量对降雨改变有响应;干旱显著降低了10 ～ 15 mm径级枝长和生物量的增加量,而增水增加了15～20 mm径级枝长和生物量的增加量,其他径级对降雨改变无显著响应.2)柠条＜20 mm径级的基径生长对降雨改变均有显著的响应,但只有＜ 10 mm径级枝长对降雨改变有显著响应,小径级分枝对降雨改变的响应更敏感.增水增加了＜ 10 mm径级生物量,而干旱并未导致该径级生物量显著降低;增水对10～20 mm径级生长季生物量并未产生影响,但干旱导致该径级生物量显著降低.3)增水导致沙柳和柠条每丛生物量增加量分别为11.3％和35.5％,而干旱导致每丛生物量增加量分别下降14.2％和36.8％,降水改变对柠条生长的影响要大于沙柳.该研究可为未来降雨格局改变下,2种灌木的生长动态和生产力预测提供理论依据.     

石灰岩山地不同整地组合对侧柏林蓄水保土功能的影响

以新泰市汶南镇洞山小流域石灰岩山地山坡上部采取6种整地组合营造的六年生侧柏林为研究对象,系统研究不同整地组合侧柏林的蓄水保土功能。结果表明:(1)6种整地组合侧柏林的林木保存率、林木生长量和枯落物层蓄积量以整地深度和面积最大的侧柏林的林木保存率和林木生长量最大,枯落物层蓄积量最多;林下灌草植被生物量随着林分郁闭度的减小而增加。枯落物分解后改善了土壤物理性状,增加了土壤孔隙度,减小了土壤容重,提高了土壤渗透速率,增加了土壤蓄水量。(2)6种整地组合侧柏林与对照相比减少的土壤侵蚀量以水平阶整地2最多,为39.161t/hm2,穴状整地1的较小,为34.153t/hm2。(3)对不同整地组合侧柏林的林分郁闭度、枯落物蓄积量、土壤总孔隙度、非毛管孔隙度、土壤渗透速率、增加的土壤饱和贮水量、减少的土壤侵蚀量、灌草生物量、灌草盖度和有机质含量等进行方差分析,可知均存在显著差异,按各项指标得分相加得出蓄水保土效益,不同整地组合侧柏林的蓄水保土功能排序为水平阶整地2>鱼鳞坑整地2>水平阶整地1>鱼鳞坑整地1>穴状整地2>穴状整地1。     

甘薯抗疮痂病多胺与吲哚乙酸代谢的研究

研究不同抗性甘薯品种受疮痂病菌侵染前后多胺和吲哚乙酸代谢变化结果表明 ,感染疮痂病菌后抗病与感病品种甘薯叶片中吲哚乙酸含量和多胺氧化酶活性降低 ,多胺总量及腐胺含量增加 ,腐胺 / (精胺 亚精胺 )比值升高 ,感病品种变化幅度高于抗病品种。疮痂病菌侵入后感病品种甘薯叶片中绿原酸含量下降 ,吲哚乙酸氧化酶和过氧化物酶活性升高 ,而抗病品种则相反。     

塔里木河下游生态环境对输水的积极响应

塔里木河下游是我国西部生态与环境问题最为突出的地区.由于人类不合理的资源开发,导致该地区生态问题日益突出.本文结合塔里木河下游5次生态输水,通过3年对输水后生态环境变化的监测,就塔里木河下游生态环境对输水的积极响应进行了分析.结果显示:(1)生态输水后地下水位在时间上和空间上各有其变化规律,在时间上近河道水位响应快,远河道水位响应慢.在空间上距河道不同距离和不同河段上地下水上升的幅度不同.(2)输水后天然植被的响应主要表现在植被种类和植被盖度的增加上;(3)鉴于输水后生态响应的范围仍然较小,因此输水工程还应该继续进行并适当调整输水的方式.     

不同盐度、碱度、pH值对瓦氏雅罗鱼精子活力及其受精率的影响

为了掌握瓦氏雅罗鱼精子活力及其受精率的最适盐度、碱度和pH的范围,通过设置不同NaCl盐度(1‰,2‰,3‰,4‰,5‰,6‰,7‰,8‰)、NaHCO3碱度(10,20,30,40,50,60,70 mmol/L)、pH值(5.0,5.5,6.0,6.5,7.0,7.5,8.0)梯度范围的溶液及淡水对照组(盐度0、碱度0、pH值6.67)激发达里诺尔湖瓦氏雅罗鱼精子活力,观察了不同处理组精子状态,并对其激烈运动时间、快速运动时间及寿命进行了测定,同时测定了受精卵在不同盐度、碱度和pH溶液中的受精率.结果表明:盐度在0～4‰,瓦氏雅罗鱼精子激烈运动、快速运动时间及寿命呈逐渐上升趋势,4‰达到最长;碱度在0～50 mmol/L,精子激烈运动、快速运动时间及寿命随碱度增加而延长,50 mmol/L达到最大;pH值5.0～7.0,精子激烈运动、快速运动时间及寿命随pH值的升高而延长,pH值7.0达到最大;受精率分别在盐度4‰、碱度30 mmol/L、pH值6.5达到最高,不同盐度和碱度组的受精率显著低于淡水对照组.综上,基于对不同盐度、碱度和pH值对瓦氏雅罗鱼精子活力及其受精率的分析结果,建议在开展瓦氏雅罗鱼全人工繁殖及杂交育种过程中,尽量选择盐度在0～4‰,碱度为0～30 mmol/L,pH值6.0～7.0的盐碱水体或淡水中进行,可以获得较高的受精率及苗种成活率.