Transformation of the nitrogen cycle: recent trends, questions, and potential solutions

Humans continue to transform the global nitrogen cycle at a record pace, reflecting an increased combustion of fossil fuels, growing demand for nitrogen in agriculture and industry, and pervasive inefficiencies in its use. Much anthropogenic nitrogen is lost to air, water, and land to cause a cascade of environmental and human health problems. Simultaneously, food production in some parts of the world is nitrogen-deficient, highlighting inequities in the distribution of nitrogen-containing fertilizers. Optimizing the need for a key human resource while minimizing its negative consequences requires an integrated interdisciplinary approach and the development of strategies to decrease nitrogen-containing waste.     

Phosphorylation by p38 MAPK as an alternative pathway for GSK3beta inactivation

Glycogen synthase kinase 3beta (GSK3beta) is involved in metabolism, neurodegeneration, and cancer. Inhibition of GSK3beta activity is the primary mechanism that regulates this widely expressed active kinase. Although the protein kinase Akt inhibits GSK3beta by phosphorylation at the N terminus, preventing Akt-mediated phosphorylation does not affect the cell-survival pathway activated through the GSK3beta substrate beta-catenin. Here, we show that p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) also inactivates GSK3beta by direct phosphorylation at its C terminus, and this inactivation can lead to an accumulation of beta-catenin. p38 MAPK-mediated phosphorylation of GSK3beta occurs primarily in the brain and thymocytes. Activation of beta-catenin-mediated signaling through GSK3beta inhibition provides a potential mechanism for p38 MAPK-mediated survival in specific tissues.     

Membrane proteins of the endoplasmic reticulum induce high-curvature tubules

The tubular structure of the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) appears to be generated by integral membrane proteins, the reticulons and a protein family consisting of DP1 in mammals and Yop1p in yeast. Here, individual members of these families were found to be sufficient to generate membrane tubules. When we purified yeast Yop1p and incorporated it into proteoliposomes, narrow tubules (approximately 15 to 17 nanometers in diameter) were generated. Tubule formation occurred with different lipids; required essentially only the central portion of the protein, including its two long hydrophobic segments; and was prevented by mutations that affected tubule formation in vivo. Tubules were also formed by reconstituted purified yeast Rtn1p. Tubules made in vitro were narrower than normal ER tubules, due to a higher concentration of tubule-inducing proteins. The shape and oligomerization of the "morphogenic" proteins could explain the formation of the tubular ER.     

The Avalon explosion: evolution of Ediacara morphospace

Ediacara fossils [575 to 542 million years ago (Ma)] represent Earth's oldest known complex macroscopic life forms, but their morphological history is poorly understood. A comprehensive quantitative analysis of these fossils indicates that the oldest Ediacara assemblage-the Avalon assemblage (575 to 565 Ma)-already encompassed the full range of Ediacara morphospace. A comparable morphospace range was occupied by the subsequent White Sea (560 to 550 Ma) and Nama (550 to 542 Ma) assemblages, although it was populated differently. In contrast, taxonomic richness increased in the White Sea assemblage and declined in the Nama assemblage. These diversity changes, occurring while morphospace range remained relatively constant, led to inverse shifts in morphological variance. The Avalon morphospace expansion mirrors the Cambrian explosion, and both events may reflect similar underlying mechanisms.     

木纳格葡萄结果习性的研究

本研究以合理选留树体不同部位结果枝为基础,对结果母枝在其生长过程中的萌芽率、结果枝比例、坐果位置、单果重及一串重等性状进行调查研究。研究表明,木纳格葡萄的结果母枝粗度、结果枝比例、萌芽率之间呈正相关趋势;阿瓦提地区的木纳格葡萄在不同树位、芽位、节位果穗着生数量都较阿图什地区的多;冬季修剪要以其结果习性为依据。     

膜下滴灌棉花根系分布特性试验研究

以膜下滴灌条件下棉花根系为对象,通过根钻取样的方法,探索棉花根系的分布规律,研究了膜下滴灌条件下棉花根系的分布特性。结果表明:棉花根系主要分布在0~40 cm的土层中;随着深度及水平距离的增加,在棉花的各生育期其根重密度及所占总根量的百分数逐渐减少,并在棉花的各生育期,其根量所占总根量的百分数与水平距离及垂直距离呈负指数关系,根重密度在垂直方向上与深度也呈负指数关系。     

巴什拜羊瘦肉型新品系的培育及其生产性能分析

[目的]培育瘦肉型巴什拜羊新品系.[方法]纯巴什拜羊及其野生盘羊杂交培育的瘦肉型巴什拜羊新品系21的产肉性能数量性状指标、不同饲养季节的肉成分;同时,对体型外貌的遗传变异也进行了测量对比.[结果]两者在产肉性能上相差不大,但小尾型巴什拜羊新品系总脂肪比纯巴什拜羊减少3 910 g,瘦肉增加1 500 g,大腿肌厚和腰肌厚度各增厚0.5 cm,背部脂肪层减薄1 cm,腰部脂肪层减薄1.5 cm,脂臀减少85.3;,瘦肉增加14.2;,不同季节肉成分中总蛋白含量变化不大,但总脂肪和胆固醇含量变化幅度较大.[结论]新品系的体型野生基因占优势,毛质和毛色巴什拜羊占优势.     

基于岭回归的水资源承载力影响因素分析

采用岭回归方法建立模型并将其应用于烟台市水资源承载力影响因素分析中。结果表明：水资源承载力受总人口数的影响最大,其次是供水能力。影响程度最小的因素是工业单位个数,GDP和人均国民生产总值对承载力的影响相同。该模型保证了分析结果的准确性和科学性,为实现烟台市的水资源可持续发展提供了借鉴和参考意义。     

树皮堆肥施用方法对番茄生长、产量及品质的影响

在日光温室栽培条件下,研究了树皮堆肥对番茄生长、产量及品质的影响。结果表明,与施用普通有机肥相比,施用树皮堆肥可促进番茄植株的生长,提高根系活力和净光合速率,增加产量,改善果实营养品质和风味,尤可增加VC含量和可溶性糖含量,减少果实硝酸盐含量,其中666．7m2穴施5000kg树皮堆肥处理效果最好。     

农业科技服务系统中的基于复合混沌系统加密的图像信息保护算法

在农业科技服务系统构建中,关于农业科技信息的保护方面,提出一种基于复合混沌系统加密的数字水印嵌入算法,嵌入过程在要保护图像的RGB色彩空间经Contourlet变换后的域内进行。原始水印经过复合混沌加密后,重复嵌入到R、G、B各颜色分量的Cont-ourlet变换域低频分量中。水印提取时,可以根据R、G、B颜色分量Contourlet域低频系数值提取水印。实验结果证明,该水印算法可以抵抗JPEG压缩、中值滤波、加噪、剪切、旋转剪切等常规水印攻击,有效提升了水印的不可见性和鲁棒性。