Petiole length and biomass investment in support modify light interception efficiency in dense poplar plantations

Leaf architecture, stand leaf area index and canopy light interception were studied in 13 poplar clones growing in a second rotation of a coppice plantation, to determine the role of leaf architectural attributes on canopy light-harvesting efficiency and to assess biomass investment in leaf support tissue. Stand leaf area index (L) varied from 2.89 to 6.99, but L was only weakly associated with canopy transmittance (TC). The weak relationship between TC and L was a result of a higher degree of foliage aggregation at larger values of L, leading to lower light-interception efficiency in stands with greater total leaf area. We observed a strong increase in leaf aggregation and a decrease in light-harvesting efficiency with decreasing mean leaf petiole length (PL) but not with leaf size, possibly because, in cordate or deltoid poplar leaves, most of the leaf area is located close to the petiole attachment to the lamina. Although PL was the key leaf characteristic of light-harvesting efficiency, clones with longer petioles had larger biomass investments in petioles, and there was a negative relationship between PL and L, demonstrating that enhanced light harvesting may lead to an overall decline in photosynthesizing leaf surface. Upper-canopy leaves were generally larger and had greater dry mass (MA) and nitrogen per unit area (NA) than lower-canopy leaves. Canopy plasticity in MA and NA was higher in clones with higher foliar biomass investment in midrib, and lower in clones with relatively longer petioles. These relationships suggest that there is a trade-off between photosynthetic plasticity and biomass investment in support, and also that high light-harvesting efficiency may be associated with lower photosynthetic plasticity. Our results demonstrate important clonal differences in leaf aggregation that are linked to leaf structure and biomass allocation patterns within the leaf.     

生牛乳中芽孢杆菌的分离鉴定及其耐热性

生牛乳杀菌后残留少数芽孢具有极强耐受性,在一定条件下芽孢大量繁殖,使牛乳发生变质,严重影响产品品质和消费者健康。采集并选择含有芽孢杆菌的生牛乳样品,进行需氧芽孢杆菌和嗜热需氧芽孢杆菌的分离,通过形态学、生理生化和分子生物学方法对分离菌株进行鉴定,同时对分离到的嗜热需氧芽孢杆菌进行耐热性研究。结果表明：共分离出10?株芽孢杆菌,其中3?株为嗜热需氧芽孢杆菌,7?株为需氧芽孢杆菌,其中能耐受115?℃/15?min热处理的有凝结芽孢杆菌和克劳氏芽孢杆菌,121?℃/20?min热处理可以将生牛乳中芽孢杆菌全部杀灭,致死率达100%,芽孢数下降4?个数量级;生牛乳中芽孢杆菌的优势菌有枯草芽孢杆菌、蜡样芽孢杆菌、短小芽孢杆菌、地衣芽孢杆菌、环状芽孢杆菌、明胶芽孢杆菌、解淀粉芽孢杆菌、凝结芽孢杆菌和克劳氏芽孢杆菌;耐热性较强的有凝结芽孢杆菌和克劳氏芽孢杆菌,最高能耐受115?℃/15?min热处理。     

Dietary supplementation with Mannanoligosaccharides (MOS) from Bio‐Mos enhances growth parameters and digestive capacity of gilthead sea bream (Sparus aurata)

Dietary mannanoligosaccharide (MOS) from commercial product, Bio‐Mos supplementation, has been examined for its effects on weight gain and feed conversion of domestic mammals and birds, but very few studies have evaluated the responses of aquacultural species to MOS. A feeding and digestibility trial was performed to asses the potential beneficial effect of two levels of Bio‐Mos on growth, feed utilization, survival rate and nutrients’ digestion of gilthead sea bream (Sparus aurata) with an initial average weight of 170 g. Bio‐Mos was added at 2 or 4 g kg^?1 to a fish meal–based control diet, and each diet was fed to triplicate groups of 1‐year‐old gilthead sea bream. After 12 weeks, there were no differences in survival rate among fish fed experimental diets (P > 0.05). It was observed that a significant improvability existed for both growth and feed utilization in fish fed diets supplemented with Bio‐Mos (P < 0.05). Body proximate composition remained unaffected by Bio‐Mos supplementation in fish fed experimental diets (P > 0.05). Apparent digestibility values for protein, carbohydrate and energy were appreciably affected by the inclusion of two different levels of Bio‐Mos, only lipid digestibility was the exception. In conclusion, the results of this trial indicate that 2 g kg^?1 dietary supplementation with BIO‐MOS seem to be most positive for gilthead sea bream production.     

河南中西部典型褐土在系统分类中的归属

选取位于河南中西部褐土土类的7个典型单个土体作为研究对象,通过土壤剖面形态特征和理化性质的分析,确定了它们在中国土壤系统分类中的位置.按照《中国土壤系统分类(第三版)》诊断标准,供试剖面中诊断出包括黏化层、钙积层、雏形层、氧化还原特征、温性土壤温度状况、半干润土壤水分状况等诊断层和诊断特性,7个剖面中,4个划归淋溶土纲...     

长期免耕和深松提高了土壤团聚体颗粒态有机碳及全氮含量

[目的]耕作措施对土壤有机碳(SOC)和全氮(TN)具有重要影响.本研究利用团聚体和密度联合分级方法,旨在揭示长期耕作对表层土壤团聚体内密度颗粒组分SOC及TN的影响,为深入理解黄土高原农田土壤碳氮提升机理提供依据.[方法]长期试验位于黄土高原东部边缘地区,开始于1999年,共设4个处理:少耕无覆盖(RT)、免耕覆盖(...     

A Geochemical Equilibrium Modeling Approach to Assessing Soil Acidification Impacts Due to Depositions of Industrial Air Emissions

Soil acidification impacts arising from depositions of industrial air emissions may become a serious environmental concern. Currently, in the literature quantitative mechanistic modeling and the experimental acid neutralizing capacity (ANC) approach and a qualitative evaluation approach classifying soils into various levels of sensitivity to acid additions have been reported to assess the long-term soil acidification impacts due to industrial air emissions. Another alternative quantitative approach proposed by this study is the geochemical modeling approach that can be used to similate an ANC curve based on relevant soil chemistry data by calculating the equilibrium distributions of chemical species in the soil solution according to the specified geochemical processes. The purpose of this syudy was essentially to illustrate the potential applications and practical utility of the proposed geochemical modeling approach to assessing soil acidification impacts due to industrial air emissions. The application of the geochemical modeling apprach was illustrated by comparisons of the experimental and simulated ANC curves for a calcareous and a noncalcareous soil representing insensitive and sensitive soil cases, respectively. Results obtained from these comparisons reveal that, in terms of producing the ANC curve for the soil solution, the geochemical modeling approach seems to perform well and produce more reliable results for calcareous soil than for noncalcareous soil. However, the approach can also be used for noncalcareous soils when the air emission rates are low and may need further testing with additional measured data for a wide range of soils other than those presented in this study.     

Diversity among Turkish maize landraces based on protein band analyses and kernel biochemical properties

Maize (Zea mays L.) landraces are considered to be important genetic resources for improving maize. To use these sources effectively, the extent of genetic diversity among them needs to be determined. While maize landraces from different countries have been evaluated, there is only limited information available on Turkish maize landraces. Thus, our objective was to investigate the genetic relations among 35 different landraces, along with inbred lines B73 and Mo17, using the sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE). We also measured seven kernel-quality traits, viz., protein content, oil content, zein content, lysine content, tryptophan content, and amylose/amylopectin content. Cluster analysis was performed to classify the Turkish maize landraces relative to protein-band variation. Results of protein-band analyses showed there was significant diversity among maize landraces. There was also considerable variation for the kernel-quality traits of the landraces. Kernel oil varied from 2.83% to 6.27%, protein from 6.67% to 11.34%, zein from 1.87% to 8.88%, tryptophan from 0.017% to 0.053%, lysine from 0.14% to 0.81%, amylose from 5.9% 37.6%, and amylopectin from 62.4% to 94.1% among the landraces. A total of 25 protein subunits, with molecular weight ranging from 10 to 110 kDa, were determined, and all of them, except for three bands, were polymorphic. Polymorphism information content (PIC) of the subunits ranged between 0.00 and 0.50. Maize landraces were classified into two main clusters; the first cluster included 18 landraces and inbred lines B73 and Mo17, whereas the second cluster comprised 17 maize landraces. Overall, results revealed that Turkish maize landraces having similar geographical origins were classified in the same clusters and exhibited a high level of diversity relative to protein subunits.     

不同土壤中杜鹃抗旱性和生长的比较研究

杜鹃为"木本花卉之王"和长沙市市花,在长沙市海绵设施中广泛应用.为了以低成本改良海绵设施中土壤,保证设施内杜鹃的抗旱性和观赏性,以原土、椰糠土(椰糠:粗砂:原土为2:4:4)、谷糠土(谷糠:粗砂:原土为2:4:4)、锯末细砂土(锯末:细砂:原土为2:4:4)和锯末粗砂土(锯末:粗砂:原土为2:4:4)为基质,以叶片含水...     

小麦叶锈菌效应蛋白Pt18906激发TcLr27+31的双层防御反应

【目的】由小麦叶锈菌（Puccinia triticina）引起的小麦叶锈病是影响小麦生产的主要病害之一,在小麦与叶锈菌互作的过程中病菌向寄主细胞分泌效应蛋白,以调控寄主防御反应、发挥毒性功能。开展对小麦叶锈菌效应蛋白的研究,探索小麦叶锈菌的致病机制,为病害的持续防控提供依据。【方法】以小麦叶锈菌13-5-72与感病品种Thatcher互作的cDNA为模板扩增效应蛋白Pt18906,通过SignalP 4.1、TargetP 1.1、TMHMM 2.0和EffectorP 2.0软件对Pt18906进行序列特征分析,利用在线软件Swiss-Model预测Pt18906的三级结构,利用在线软件SOPMA预测Pt18906的二级结构。采用实时荧光定量PCR对Pt18906的表达模式进行分析,借助于烟草的异源表达系统对Pt18906进行抑制Bax和INF1诱导的细胞程序性死亡（programmed cell death, PCD）能力验证,利用酵母系统验证Pt18906的信号肽是否具有分泌功能,采用氨基酸逐步缺失的方法缺失突变Pt18906,从而确定其功能毒性motif;通过在烟草中瞬时表达Pt18906-GFP融合蛋白,结合质壁分离技术分析Pt18906的亚细胞定位,得出效应蛋白的作用位点;利用瞬时表达技术在以Thatcher为背景的不含抗病基因和含有不同抗病基因的全套近等基因系上开展Pt18906无毒性功能分析;采用细菌三型分泌系统（Type Ⅲ secretion system）介导的瞬时转化分析Pt18906对寄主防御反应的调控。【结果】从小麦叶锈菌13-5-72与感病品种Thatcher互作6 d的转录组文库中获得一个在接种24 h后显著高表达的、基因全长序列672 bp、编码223个氨基酸的候选效应蛋白Pt18906,该效应蛋白缺乏已知的功能结构域和保守基序,工作环境偏碱性,在烟草细胞中瞬时表达Pt18906,Pt18906能够抑制Bax和INF1诱导的细胞程序性死亡,表明该效应蛋白具有毒性功能,并且通过构建缺失突变体明确其28—47位氨基酸对其毒性功能具有重要作用,该效应蛋白定位于细胞核和细胞质,表明其作用于细胞内。Pt18906在单基因系抗病品种TcLr27+31和TcLr42上能够引起过敏性坏死反应,表明该效应蛋白的无毒性,Pt18906能够引起TcLr27+31中胼胝质的积累和活性氧的迸发,胼胝质随注射时间的增加而逐渐积累,活性氧在注射后的10 min达到最高。【结论】位于28—47位的氨基酸决定Pt18906的毒性主要功能,Pt18906能激发小麦TcLr27+31双层防御反应。     

施钾水平对纽荷尔脐橙养分、产量和品质的影响

【目的】通过不同施钾水平对纽荷尔脐橙树体养分吸收、产量和品质的影响研究,提出纽荷尔脐橙适宜施钾量,为纽荷尔脐橙钾肥的科学合理施用提供理论依据。【方法】以7年生枳（壳）砧纽荷尔脐橙为试材,设置0（K0）、0.38（K1）、0.64（K2）、0.89（K3）、1.28（K4）和1.40 kg/株K₂O（K5）6个施钾水平,研究施钾水平对树体枝梢干物质积累量、枝叶和果实养分吸收、果实产量和品质、土壤理化性质与环境的影响。【结果】不同施钾水平处理后,各时期叶片和枝条干物质量变化趋势相似,均表现为随着施钾量的增加呈先增加后降低的趋势。不同时期的枝叶干物质量均表现为春梢大于秋梢,叶片干物质量大于枝条。春梢的氮、磷、钾吸收量均随施钾量的增加呈显著增加趋势,其中以K2处理的吸收量最大。秋梢的氮、磷、钾吸收量变化趋势与春梢相似,但K5处理的氮、磷、钾吸收量低于K0。各处理间的果实氮、磷、钾含量差异均不显著;果实氮带走量以K3处理为最高,磷、钾养分带走量以K2处理为最高,果实带走的养分量大小顺序为氮≈钾>磷。果实产量和单果重均随着施钾量的增加呈先增加后降低的趋势,但差异不显著,K2处理产量最高,且较K0产量提高了约81%。果实果面着色以K3处理的最好,呈橙红色;随施钾量的增加,果皮厚度呈先变薄后增厚的趋势,以K2处理为最薄;维生素C含量呈先增后降的趋势,以K3处理为最高;可溶性糖含量以K3处理最高,可滴定酸含量以K1处理最低。土壤有机质和碱解氮含量随施钾量的增加呈先增后降的趋势,分别以K1和K3处理最高;土壤有效磷含量基本呈先降后增再降的趋势,以K4处理最高;土壤速效钾含量随施钾量的增加整体呈增加趋势,以K4处理最高,且速效钾大部分分布于表层土（0—20 cm）,但有向深层土（60—80 cm）积累的趋势。相关性分析表明,春梢叶片钾含量与果实带走氮、钾含量以及果实硬度呈极显著正相关关系,秋梢（枝、叶）钾含量均与产量、可溶性固形物含量呈极显著正相关关系,秋梢枝条钾含量与果皮厚度呈显著负相关关系,土壤速效钾含量与果实带走氮、钾含量以及果实硬度呈极显著负相关关系。【结论】纽荷尔脐橙钾肥（以K₂O计）推荐用量为每年0.64—0.89 kg/株,既可保证树体较高的产量和优良的品质,又有利于树体对养分的吸收利用,并且能维持土壤肥力在中上水平,同时降低土壤钾素积累和污染风险。