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21.
陈文明 《中国农村水利水电》1992,(5)
在整理和分析西藏自治区40年小水电建设资料的基础上,着重总结了小水电建设和管理中存在的主要问题,并就今后如何搞好西藏的小水电建设提出了建议。 相似文献
22.
23.
Shanshan?Chen Jiahuan?Tang Li?Fu Yong?Yuan Shungui?ZhouEmail author 《Journal of Soils and Sediments》2016,16(9):2326-2334
Purpose
The low conductivity of sediments for mass and electron transport is the most severe limiting factor in sediment microbial fuel cells (SMFCs), so that sediment ameliorations yielded more remarkable effects than electrode improvements. The objective of this research was to enhance the electricity generation of SMFCs with amendments of biochar to freshwater sediments for conductivity enhancement.Materials and methods
Laboratory-scale SMFCs were constructed and biochars were produced from coconut shells at different temperatures. Variations in the power output, electrode potential, internal resistance, total organic carbon (TOC) content, and microbial communities were measured.Results and discussion
Amending with biochar reduced the charge transfer resistances of SMFCs and enriched the Firmicutes (mainly Fusibacter sp.) in the sediment, which improved the SMFC power generation by two- to tenfold and enhanced the TOC removal rate by 1.7- to fourfold relative to those without the amendment.Conclusions
The results suggested that biochar amendment is a promising strategy to enhance SMFC power production, and the electrical conductivity of biochar should be considered important when interpreting the impact biochar has on the electrical performance of soil or freshwater sediment MFCs.24.
Andrew?T.?NottinghamEmail authorView authors OrcID profile Lettice?C.?Hicks Adan?J.?Q.?Ccahuana Norma?Salinas Erland?B??th Patrick?Meir 《Biology and Fertility of Soils》2018,54(2):219-228
Nutrients constrain the soil carbon cycle in tropical forests, but we lack knowledge on how these constraints vary within the soil microbial community. Here, we used in situ fertilization in a montane tropical forest and in two lowland tropical forests on contrasting soil types to test the principal hypothesis that there are different nutrient constraints to different groups of microorganisms during the decomposition of cellulose. We also tested the hypotheses that decomposers shift from nitrogen to phosphorus constraints from montane to lowland forests, respectively, and are further constrained by potassium and sodium deficiency in the western Amazon. Cellulose and nutrients (nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, sodium, and combined) were added to soils in situ, and microbial growth on cellulose (phospholipid fatty acids and ergosterol) and respiration were measured. Microbial growth on cellulose after single nutrient additions was highest following nitrogen addition for fungi, suggesting nitrogen as the primary limiting nutrient for cellulose decomposition. This was observed at all sites, with no clear shift in nutrient constraints to decomposition between lowland and montane sites. We also observed positive respiration and fungal growth responses to sodium and potassium addition at one of the lowland sites. However, when phosphorus was added, and especially when added in combination with other nutrients, bacterial growth was highest, suggesting that bacteria out-compete fungi for nitrogen where phosphorus is abundant. In summary, nitrogen constrains fungal growth and cellulose decomposition in both lowland and montane tropical forest soils, but additional nutrients may also be of critical importance in determining the balance between fungal and bacterial decomposition of cellulose. 相似文献
25.
S.?Ortega-FariasEmail author A.?Olioso R.?Antonioletti N.?Brisson 《Irrigation Science》2004,23(1):1-9
The Penman-Monteith model with a variable surface canopy resistance (rcv) was evaluated to estimate hourly and daily crop evapotranspiration (ETc) over a soybean canopy for different soil water status and atmospheric conditions. The hourly values of rcv were computed as a function of environmental variables (air temperature, vapor pressure deficit, net radiation) and a normalized soil water factor (F), which varies between 0 (wilting point, WP) and 1 (field capacity, FC). The performance of the Penman-Monteith model (ETPM) was evaluated using hourly and daily values of ETc obtained from the combined aerodynamic method (ETR). On an hourly basis, the overall standard error of estimate (SEE) and the absolute relative error (ARE) were 0.06 mm h–1 (41 W m–2) and 4.2%, respectively. On a daily basis, the SEE was 0.47 mm day–1 and the ARE was 2.5%. The largest disagreements between ETPM and ETR were observed, on the hourly scale, under the combined influence of windy and dry atmospheric conditions. However, this did not affect daily estimates, since nighttime underestimations cancelled out daytime overestimations. Thus, daily performances of the Penman-Monteith model were good under soil water contents ranging from 0.31 to 0.2 (FC and WP being 0.33 and 0.17, respectively) and LAI ranging from 0.3 to 4.0. For this validation period, calculated values of rcv and F ranged between 44 s m–1 and 551 s m–1 and between 0.19 and 0.88, respectively.Communicated by R. Evans 相似文献
26.
Summary A pluriannual field trial of transgenic clones of Coffea canephora (the Robusta coffee tree) transformed for resistance to the lepidopteran coffee leaf miner Leucoptera coffeella was installed in French Guiana. Fifty-eight transformed clones produced by transformation of the C. canephora clone 126 were planted. They were harbouring the pEF1α constitutive promoter of Arabidopsis thaliana controlling either the Bacillus thuringiensis native gene for the cry1Ac insecticidal protein (eight clones) or a synthetic cry1Ac gene (53 clones). The vectors for the transformation were a strain of the bacterium Agrobacterium tumefaciens and one of Agrobacterium rhizogenes. The transformed clones were generally independent, presenting different integration patterns of the genetic construct. Four
randomly distributed groups of five plants per transformed clone were planted along with 60 untransformed control trees. Over
a 4-year period after plantation six releases of L. coffeella were performed. Mines on the leaves are the marks of larvae development and were counted on plants. A majority of the independent
transformed clones harbouring the synthetic gene and transformed by the strain of A. tumefaciens displayed constantly much less mines than the control, therefore expressing a stable resistance. The need for complementary
research is presented. 相似文献
27.
间歇灌,又称波涌灌,这种新的地面节水灌水技术的出现,使土壤入渗规律的研究分为土壤连续入渗规律和间歇入渗规律两方面的研究。间歇入渗条件下,土壤入渗规律除受连续入渗的影响因素制约外,还受构成其特殊灌水过程的灌水技术参数的影响。影响因素的增加,加之野外土壤条件的时、空变异性,决定了间歇入渗试验工作量大,且具有更大的复杂性。为提高成果精度和工作效率,笔者根据1991年冬季和1992年春季在陕西关中宝鸡峡灌区灌溉试验站进行的141组一维土壤连续和间歇单点入渗试验实践,介绍了用双套环入渗仪进行单点间歇入渗试验的方法,提出了提高土壤间歇入渗试验精度的可行措施,可供参考。 相似文献
28.
The effects of different diets (natural or pellets) on growth, survival, and moulting interval of juvenile spider crabs, weighing
between 0.011–1.56 g and up to 17.6 mm in carapace length, were tested over a period of 90 days. During experiment I, five
diets were tested: (1) frozen shrimp—Paleomonetes sp., (2) fresh mussels—Mytilus sp., (3) white fish fillets—Merlucius merlucius, (4) blue fish fillets—Sardina pilchardus, and (5) commercial crustacean pellets. Spider crabs fed fresh mussels grew larger (0.98 ± 0.69 g) and had higher growth
rates (4.0 ± 0.7 %BWd−1) compared to the other four diets. The crabs fed shrimp pellet and frozen shrimp grew to intermediate sizes and were smaller
than the ones fed fresh mussels, but they were larger than spider crabs fed either blue or white fish fillets (0.46 ± 0.63
and 0.26 ± 0.13 g, respectively) compared to the ones fed white fish fillets (0.12 ± 0.04) and blue fish fillets (0.04 ± 0.02 g).
The spider crabs fed blue fish fillets only lasted until day 60 of the experiment, after this day none of the 20 fed this
diet were left. During experiment II, two diets were tested: (1) white and blue fish fillets and (2) commercial fish pellet.
There were no differences in growth both in weight or carapace length (2.9 ± 1.8 and 2.1 ± 1.5 g in weight, and 18.9 ± 5.0
and 17.7 ± 3.3 mm, respectively) at the end of the experiment. Similarly, there were no differences in growth rates in weight
between the two diets (1.2 ± 0.4 and 0.9 ± 0.3 %BWd−1, respectively) or in carapace length (0.4 ± 0.1 and 0.4 ± 0.2 %BWd−1, respectively). Fresh mussel appears to be a very good diet to culture the early stages of this species, while shrimp pellets
also deliver acceptable results. On the contrary, frozen shrimp, fish fillets either from blue or white species (much higher
lipid content in the blue species), and fish pellets were found to be bad diets for the culture of the early stages of M. brachydactyla. 相似文献
29.
Filipe?Selau?CarlosEmail author Bruno?Loss?dos?Santos Robson?Andreazza Marino?José?Tedesco Lawrence?Morris Flávio?Anastácio?de?Oliveira Camargo 《Paddy and Water Environment》2017,15(1):133-144
Treated industrial effluents have high levels of nutrients and dissolved organic matter. The irrigation of rice by flooding can increase nutrient uptake and grain yield. Therefore, this study evaluated the nutrient contents in the shoots and grain of the rice crop and also the chemical of the soil after irrigation of the crop with leachate of the treated industrial effluent. A greenhouse experiment was conducted using pots filled with 20 kg of soil in a randomized block design with three replications. The treatments consisted of control (irrigation with distilled water) and four concentrations of the leachate (25, 50, 75, and 100 %) for irrigation. At the end of the experiment, the nutrient contents in tissues of rice plants, sterility of spikelets, and grain mass were evaluated. Results showed that irrigation with the leachate at 25 % content increased the macro- and micronutrients’ concentrations in the shoot biomass and grain, except for potassium and iron. Irrigation with the industrial leachate decreased tillering and grain yield; however, it increased chlorophyll content, sterility of spikelets, and sodium intake at this leachate concentration. The potassium and sodium levels and the electrical conductivity values of soils irrigated with treated industrial leachate were increased. The use of the treated leachate from industrial effluents is an alternative that reuses the nutritional load, but the volume of leachate should be limited and monitored to prevent the sodicity in the soil and problemsdue to eutrophication. 相似文献
30.
Piet?C.?N.?GroenewaldEmail author Carin?S.?Viljoen 《Journal of Agricultural, Biological & Environmental Statistics》2003,8(1):75-83
This article aims to determine the effect of certain covariates, such as season of kidding, parity, and time of kidding on
the characteristics of the lactation curve of Saanen dairy goats. Characteristics investigated are peak milk yield, time of
peak milk yield, total milk production, persistency, and the relationship between fat and protein in milk composition, as
well as between lactation curves of the same animal in successive years. The analysis is carried out using a hierarchical
Bayesian approach, together with Wood’s model, to model lactation. Posterior distributions of quantities of interest are obtained
by means of the Markov chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) methods. These clearly illustrate the significant effect of especially parity,
but also season and time of kidding on the characteristics of the lactation curve. Total and peak milk yield increase with
increasing parity up to about the third or fourth parity, while peak yield is later for first than for later parities. The
analysis also enables estimation of lactation characteristics of untested animals, prediction of future characteristics and
identification of exceptional animals. 相似文献