“籼改粳”的生产优势及其形成机理

【目的】旨在阐明“籼改粳”的生产优势,并从栽培角度系统研究其优势形成的生理生态机理。【方法】2010—2011年,在长江下游稻麦两熟制地区（江苏扬州、兴化、东海）,以当地代表性的粳稻品种（武运粳24号、徐稻3号、连粳7号、徐优733等）和籼稻品种（两优培九、Ⅱ优084、新两优6380、扬两优6号等）为材料,系统比较研究籼粳稻的生育安全性、产量、品质、温光资源利用、群体生长发育动态、株型和倒伏性状等方面的差异。【结果】在机插和摆栽两种轻简栽培条件下,粳稻生育安全性优于籼稻,后期耐低温,灌浆持续时间长。两年粳稻的平均产量,扬州分别为10.90和10.87 t•hm-2,兴化分别为10.93和10.65 t•hm-2,东海分别为10.49和10.41 t•hm-2,显著或极显著高于籼稻。粳稻群体颖花量与籼稻相当或略少于籼稻,但籽粒的充实性状优于籼稻,这也是粳稻获得较高产量的关键。粳稻加工品质和蒸煮食味品质显著或极显著优于籼稻,外观品质和营养品质稍逊于籼稻。“籼改粳”生产优势形成的生理生态特征为：粳稻全生育期较籼稻明显延长,灌浆后期粳稻更能适应温凉天气,增加水稻对温光资源的利用,使得粳稻能够安全成熟;粳稻后期具有较高的光合生产能力,能够增加群体光合物质积累量,提高群体库容总充实量;同时,粳稻后期能够适应低温天气而不早衰,维持强壮根系和较高的茎鞘强度,增强群体抗倒伏能力,保证较大库容的安全充实与支撑。【结论】在机械化轻简化栽培条件下,粳稻更能充分利用温光资源,生育后期仍保持强劲生长优势,不仅能够安全成熟,而且产量高、品质优、效益好,综合生产力高。     

不同栽培方式对双季晚粳稻产量及温光利用的影响

【目的】研究南方双季稻区晚稻季条件下,不同栽培方式对不同类型晚粳稻产量、生育期及温光利用的影响,为适宜栽培方式及相匹配粳稻品种类型规划提供科学依据。【方法】以迟熟中粳、早熟晚粳、中熟晚粳和迟熟晚粳4种不同生育类型品种为试验材料,采用手栽、抛秧、机插3种栽培方式,系统比较不同栽培方式对不同品种类型晚粳稻产量、生育期及温光利用的影响。【结果】不同类型品种晚粳稻产量均表现手栽＞抛秧＞机插的趋势,不同栽培方式间产量差异达到显著或极显著水平。与手栽比较,两年抛秧方式减产率为6.05%—25.70%,机插方式减产率为9.94%—39.04%;手栽方式产量最高的原因是其总颖花量、结实率和千粒重均较高。抛秧和机插的各生育期均相应推迟,且两者全生育期亦缩短,其中抛秧方式全生育期平均缩短4.9 d,机插平均缩短10.3 d;不同类型品种间,晚粳稻全生育期缩短幅度较中粳稻大;同一熟期类型品种,杂交稻全生育期较常规稻缩短天数多。各类型品种全生育期及其不同生育阶段积温和光照时数及其利用率均表现出手栽＞抛秧＞机插的趋势,其中机插方式全生育期温光利用率较少,分别为85.66%和80.75%。【结论】根据上述研究结果,对不同栽培方式适宜性及配套适宜品种类型进行了初步归划,认为手栽、抛秧、机插均适宜在该区采用,不同栽培方式应配套适宜粳稻品种类型。     

日本囊对虾apo-14基因的全克隆及序列分析

以日本囊对虾(Marsupenaeus japonicus)肝胰腺组织为实验材料,提取总RNA,通过3′以及5 '-RACE基因克隆技术,首次在日本囊对虾中克隆到载脂蛋白apolipoprotein-14(apo-14)基因的全长序列,包含完整的ORF以及3′-UTR和5′-UTR.日本囊对虾apo-14 cDNA序列全长为784 bp,其中ORF长度为420 bp,编码139个氨基酸.对虾apo-14氨基酸序列与其他鱼类apo-14氨基酸序列有较高的相似性.     

Impact of Plant Density on the Formation of Potato Mimitubers Derived from Microtubers and Tip-Cuttings in Plastic Houses

The potato minitubers have been widely used for the elite seed propagation to improve the seed potato system in China. However, little information is available for an efficient production of the minitubers with high plant density in the protected growing conditions like plastic houses. In present research, the minitubers of a wide-grown potato variety, Favorita, were produced with the microtubers from tissue culture and the tip-cuttings of the microtuber plants. Three plant densities, 200, 400 and 600 microtubers or plants m-2 were set up with the randomized block design of 3 replications and the experiment was repeated in 4 seasons in 2009-2010. The canopy development, light interception, dry weight production and partitioning, tuberization and tuber weight were investigated to elucidate the mechanism by which the plant density affects the formation and growth of the minitubers. The results showed that the number of the tubers formed per unite area was in line with the increase in plant density. The difference in leaf area index (LAI) between the plant densities, especially in early stage of the plant growth, resulted in more radiation interception and dry weight producing in higher plant density than in lower one. However, our analysis demonstrated that the conversion coefficient of the cumulative intercepted radiation to plant weight and the dry weight partition rate to the tubers were constant between plant densities, suggesting that less amount of the photoassimilates partitioned to individual tubers is causal for more small tubers in high plant density. A negative exponential curve model, determined by total number of tubers produced per unit area and the mean tuber weight, fitted well to the tuber size distribution pattern. The optimum plant density could be estimated from this model for a maximum production of the minitubers with desired size.     

过氧化钙对苋菜常温活体保鲜效果的影响

向营养液中添加过氧化钙,考察其对苋菜(A maranthus tricolor L.)常温活体保鲜效果的影响.结果表明,与不添加过氧化钙的处理相比,0.025、0.100、0.250 g/L过氧化钙处理均能极显著延长苋菜的货架期,并延缓苋菜含水量、叶绿素、可溶性糖和维生素C含量的降低;其中以0.100 g/L过氧化钙的保鲜效果最佳.     

用药次数与水稻飞虱发生级别的大范围长期性关系(英文)

[目的]研究喷药对稻飞虱的抗药性在大范围、长期内的影响。[方法]该研究采用20个水稻种植县1991-2009年的面板数据,通过建立个体固定效应模型,采用普通最小二乘法来估计。[结果]滞后一期针对稻飞虱的用药次数对当期稻飞虱的发生级别有显著的正的影响。[结论]虽然稻飞虱是一种迁飞性害虫,但是不同地区的农民的用药行为都受到了虫害发生级别的影响,因此,从大范围、长期来看,滞后一期用药对当期虫害的抗药性有显著的正的影响。     

土壤环境对金银花质量影响的研究进展

金银花自古被誉为清热解毒的良药,具有较高的医药价值和经济价值,其生长的土壤环境对其产量和品质有着很大的影响.总结综述了土壤环境(土壤重金属、农残、物理性质、化学性质、生物性质等)对金银花质量的影响,以期为金银花药材质量的提高和土壤的科学管理提供参考.     

3种鱼群个体间距的计算方法比较

对实验室水族箱中的鱼群空间分布状态进行录像,采用质心法、线段法和三点折线法计算个体间距离。结果表明,由3种方法计算获得的个体间距值均随着群体的个体尾数的增加而趋近于0.5～2倍体长(BL)的范围内。线段法与三点折线法的计算结果基本相同,而质心法的计算结果的精度低于其它两种方法。在间距大于0.2 BL时,三点折线法计算得到的个体间距的频率分布普遍高于线段法,计算结果更准确。同时线段法和三点质心法所获得的个体间距在0.6～0.8 BL范围内的频率达到最大,该范围为鱼类偏好的距离范围。     

Molecular mimicry regulates ABA signaling by SnRK2 kinases and PP2C phosphatases

Abscisic acid (ABA) is an essential hormone for plants to survive environmental stresses. At the center of the ABA signaling network is a subfamily of type 2C protein phosphatases (PP2Cs), which form exclusive interactions with ABA receptors and subfamily 2 Snfl-related kinase (SnRK2s). Here, we report a SnRK2-PP2C complex structure, which reveals marked similarity in PP2C recognition by SnRK2 and ABA receptors. In the complex, the kinase activation loop docks into the active site of PP2C, while the conserved ABA-sensing tryptophan of PP2C inserts into the kinase catalytic cleft, thus mimicking receptor-PP2C interactions. These structural results provide a simple mechanism that directly couples ABA binding to SnRK2 kinase activation and highlight a new paradigm of kinase-phosphatase regulation through mutual packing of their catalytic sites.