垄作免耕下紫色水稻土有机碳的分布特征

土壤有机碳的空间分布特征是研究土壤有机碳储量及其动态的重要内容之一。本文从土壤团聚体、剖面和田块等尺度研究了四川盆地紫色水稻土在垄作免耕下有机碳的分布特征。结果表明：紫色水稻土团聚体含碳量在大团聚体（2～0．25mm）中最高，但有机碳总量主要分布在0．25～0．02mm。其次是0．02-0．002mm；垄作免耕下团聚体有机碳主要富集在0—10cm土层的大团聚体（〉0．25mm）中（富集系数〉1．5），而常规平作、水旱轮作和垄作翻耕下，剖面中土壤有机碳含量分布自上而下缓慢降低；实验田表层土壤有机碳含量及相关土壤特性的空间分布呈条带状和斑块状格局，具有明显的空间变异性。土壤有机碳含量在垄作免耕处最高，达30．71g kg^-1，在常规平作处最低，为16．50g kg^-1左右。长期垄作免耕会导致有机碳向土壤表层大团聚体的相对富集及在土壤剖面的层次分异。     

A-type proanthocyanidins from lychee seeds and their antioxidant and antiviral activities

Two new A-type trimeric proanthocyanidins with two doubly bonded interflavanoid linkages, litchitannin A1 [epicatechin-(2β→O→7,4β→6)-epicatechin-(2β→O→7,4β→8)-catechin] (1) and litchitannin A2 [epicatechin-(2β→O→7,4β→6)-epicatechin-(2β→O→7,4β→6)-epicatechin] (2), were isolated from lychee (Litchi chinensis Sonn. cv. Heiye) seeds together with aesculitannin A (3), epicatechin-(2β→O→7,4β→8)-epiafzelechin-(4α→8)-epicatechin (4), proanthocyanidin A1 (5), proanthocyanidin A2 (6), proanthocyanidin A6 (7), epicatechin-(7,8-bc)-4β-(4-hydroxyphenyl)-dihydro-2(3H)-pyranone (8), and epicatechin (9). Their structures were elucidated on the basis of spectroscopic and chemical evidence. It is the first time that compounds 1-4, 7, and 8 have been reported in this species. Compounds 1-9 showed more potent antioxidant activity than L-ascorbic acid with ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) values of 3.71-24.18 mmol/g and IC50 values of 5.25-20.07 μM toward DPPH radicals. Moreover, litchitannin A2 (2) was found to exhibit in vitro antiviral activity against coxsackie virus B3 (CVB3) and compounds 3 and 6 displayed antiherpes simplex virus 1 (HSV-1) activity.     

Calculation and Mapping of Critical Loads for S, N and Acidity in China

Critical loads of nutrient and acidifying nitrogen, as well as of sulphur and acidity, were derived for various ecosystems in China using the steady state mass balance (SSMB) equations. The weathering rates of major soils necessary for applying SSMB were calculated through the PROFILE model on the basis of mineralogical data from experimental analysis. The growth uptakes of nitrogen and base cations were also derived by multiplying the annual increases in biomass with the element contents of the vegetation. Using a geographical information system (GIS), 1°(latitude)×1°(longitude) critical load maps of China with different percentiles were compiled. Results indicate that low critical loads of S (< 0.5 keq·ha^?1·a^?1) occurred predominately in southwest and northeast China, and the critical loads of southeast China were intermediate and in the range of 0.5～1.0 keq·ha^?1·a^?1. In addition, the critical loads of N were very low for desert ecosystems in northwest China and high for agricultural ecosystems in east China. Among the ecosystems with intermediate critical load of N, coniferous forests may be more sensitive to N deposition than broad-leaf forests and temperate steppes.     

来自海南等地的17个Bt分离株质粒多样性分析

本研究采用琼脂糖凝胶电泳对分离白海南岛的12个反菌株与分离自广西、黑龙江的5株＆菌株及2株胁模式菌株进行质粒数量、大小等特征分析。19个供试菌株可区分为16种独特的质粒电泳图谱,充分显示出不同来源肪菌株的质粒多样性。进一步选择了其中的10个菌株,利用包埋法制备琼脂块进行脉冲场凝胶电泳（PFGE）,结果表明苏云金芽孢杆菌大质粒组成特征也具有丰富多样性。但是供试菌株的质粒电泳图谱并未体现与地理和生态特征相关联的特征差异。研究结果初步证实海南分离株S3078—1是一株无内生质粒的助菌株,而S3031-1和S3073—1两个分离株仅有一个大质粒存在,这三个分离株将为进一步研究质粒功能提供初始菌株。本研究进一步暗示将琼脂糖凝胶电泳和脉冲场凝胶电泳结合起来研究质粒特征提高了结果的可靠性。     

植物精油抗菌乳状液涂膜对鸡蛋的保鲜效果

为了延长鸡蛋的保藏期,采用牛至、大蒜、生姜、丁香提取油分别复配成抗菌乳状液对鸡蛋进行涂膜保鲜试验,在5周的贮藏期间,通过对鸡蛋各项感官指标和内部品质指标变化的分析发现,上述植物精油乳状液保鲜剂保鲜效果均优于对照组,尤其以牛至精油乳状液与丁香精油乳状液保鲜效果最好。经牛至精油乳状液和丁香精油乳状液涂膜保鲜过的鸡蛋,在30℃,80%～90%相对湿度情况下,好蛋率为100%,失重率分别为2.824%和2.656%,蛋黄系数为0.1965和0.2129,哈夫单位为40.311和41.312。     

油管式传感器车辆行驶称重系统算法研究

在分析油管式车辆动态称重系统工作原理和特性的基础上,建立了相应的称重系统称量数学模型;利用非线性最小二乘优化算法获得最小平方误差意义上的静载参数估计,同时根据前后油管信号的相关性实现了车速的精确测量和计算;并通过实车试验,验证该算法是可行的,且达到了较好的精度,为车辆超载检测提供了一种经济有效的手段。     

播期和移栽密度对徐稻3号产量及品质的影响

研究不同播期和移栽密度对水稻产量与品质的影响.以中熟中粳品种徐稻 3 号为供试材料比较研究不同播期和移栽密度对水稻产量与品质的影响.研究结果表明淮北地区徐稻3号的适宜播期范围为5月5日-25日、适宜栽插密度为 3.33×105穴 /hm2,在此条件下可获得适宜穗数和较大的穗型以及较高的产量,且各项稻米品质指标值较好.     

基于花粉介导法转化的玉米自交系抗病植株的获得

【研究目的】将几丁质酶基因导入玉米自交系,获得抗玉米丝黑穗病的转基因植株。【方法】采用花粉介导法进行转化,获得的种子及后代植株检测方法包括：潮霉素抗性筛选、PCR扩增、Southern blot杂交分析以及田间抗病鉴定。【结果】通过转化获得种子43粒,对种子进行潮霉素抗性筛选得到9株抗潮霉素植株;经PCR检测,Southern blot杂交分析得到5株转基因植株。田间抗病鉴定结果显示,转基因植株或株系的丝黑穗病抗性提高1～2级。【结论】花粉介导法转化玉米自交系是获得抗病育种材料的一条快捷、有效的途径。     

宁夏农业生态安全评价与对策研究

农业生态安全是农业可持续发展的基础与核心,对于国家的安全和稳定意义重大.在建立指标体系的基础上,利用综合评价法对宁夏1997—2010年农业生态安全进行评价,结果显示:压力指数在经历前期波动后,呈现整体增加的态势,状态和响应指数的增加趋势则更为明显,综合指数的变化规律与压力指数相似,从1997年的0.414 4增加为2010年的0.659 4,今后应从减少农业环境污染、挖掘农业节水潜力和加大农业资金投入等方面提高宁夏农业生态安全水平.