低磷胁迫对草莓幼苗根系生长和酸性磷酸酶活性的影响

为探讨低磷胁迫对不同品种草莓幼苗的根系生长和酸性磷酸酶活性(APA)的影响,试验选取4个草莓品种（‘红颜’、‘章姬’、‘甜查理’、‘童子一号’）,采用水培的方法,设正常磷处理(KH2PO4 1×10-3 mol/L)、低磷处理(KH2PO4 1×10-6 mol/L)2个处理,分别于处理后0、7、14、21、28、35 天,取样对其根系分泌酸性磷酸酶活性进行测定分析,并于处理后35天,测定其根鲜重、主根长、侧根数。结果表明,草莓幼苗受低磷胁迫后,其主根长度受到了抑制,而同期测定的侧根数、根鲜重、根冠比则显著增加。根系分泌的酸性磷酸酶活性在低磷处理早期就有显著提高,且随着低磷胁迫的延续,其活性持续升高;各项形态、生理指标显示,供试4种草莓品种中,‘甜查理’相对于其他供试草莓品种对低磷胁迫环境适应性较好,说明可以通过选择、改良草莓的根系特性来提高草莓的磷效率。     

Cotton Chemical Topping by Applying DPC in Different Cotton-Growing Regions

[Objective] The objective of this study was to investigate the stability and universality of cotton chemical topping by applying mepiquat chloride (1,1-dimethyl-piperidinium chloride, DPC) in different cotton-growing regions. [Method] Field experiments were conducted in 2018 at 10 locations in the Yellow River basin (Hejian and Handan, Hebei province; Dezhou and Wudi, Shandong province), the Yangtze River basin (Dafeng, Jiangsu province; Huanggang, Hubei province), and Xinjiang area (Shihezi location I and loacation II, northern Xinjiang and Luntai and Shaya, southern Xinjiang). Local cultivars/lines were used, and the experiments were performed using a randomized complete block design with three or four replicates. Accompanied with typical DPC multi-application in each location, chemical topping was conducted at 10 days before manual topping (T1) or at the same time with manual topping (T2) by applying four dosages of DPC (0, 90, 180, 270 g·hm^－2), manual topping was used as the first control and non-topping as the second control. [Result] The time of chemical topping significantly affected cotton plant height (except for the results in Handan, Dezhou and Wudi) and the number of fruit branches (except for the results in Dafeng and Huanggang). It was observed that earlier chemical topping would result in lower cotton plant height and a fewer fruit branches. In Hejian and Shihezi location I, the average plant height across DPC chemical topping at T1 stage was not only lower than that of T2 stage but also 3.3 cm and 4.6 cm lower than that of manual topping, respectively. In most locations, chemical topping at T1 stage increased around two fruit branches per plant compared with manual topping, while in T2 stage the increased fruit branches per plant ranged from 2.3 to 7.7. Also, we found that a higher dosage of DPC resulted in shorter plant height (except for that in Huanggang). In some locations, plant heights of chemical topping with 180 g·hm^－2 or 270 g·hm^－2 DPC were even shorter than that of manual topping. The number of fruit branches per plant of 0 g·hm^－2 DPC increased by 2.4-8.3 compared with manual topping. However, chemical topping with 90-270 g·hm^－2 DPC significantly reduced the number of fruit branches compared with 0 g·hm^－2 DPC. There were no significant differences in the number of fruit branches among three DPC dosages (90, 180, and 270 g·hm^－2). In Handan, seed cotton yield of chemical topping at T2 stage was significantly lower than that of manual topping due to the decreased boll number, which is possibly associated with the high temperature and drought weather after chemical topping. While at other locations, most treatments of chemical topping by using DPC did not produce significant effects on yield. In addition, chemical topping by using DPC did not delay cotton maturity, characterized by their similar boll-opening rate and the first harvest rate to those of manual topping before spraying harvest aids. [Conclusion] Cotton chemical topping with DPC is more stable and universal across different cotton-growing regions. We suggest that 90-180 g·hm^－2 DPC could be used at the same time with manual topping for cotton chemical topping.     

陆地棉转录因子GhNAC78基因的特征及功能分析

本实验室从陆地棉中克隆得到GhNAC78,分析了其基因特征及功能。该基因cDNA全长为937 bp,开放阅读框为876bp,编码291个氨基酸,隶属于NAM转录因子亚家族。体外转录激活实验表明,GhNAC78具有转录激活活性。上游启动子区1537 bp序列的生物信息学分析可知其包含多种激素、胁迫和光响应元件,表明GhNAC78广泛地参与植物生长发育和胁迫响应的调控。荧光定量结果显示,GhNAC78在棉花叶片衰老过程中高调表达,推测其参与叶片衰老的调控。     

不同沟灌方式下土壤水、热分布研究

为了阐明不同沟灌方式对土壤水、热分布的影响,开展大田分区试验,研究了玉米生长期间交替隔沟(AFI)和常规沟灌(CFI)方式下不同位置处（沟位、坡位、垄位）土壤水热变化。结果表明,在一个灌水周期内,AFI的根区土壤水分以向下和侧向入渗为主,土壤水分有利于被作物根系吸收利用,而CFI的根区土壤水分始终保持较高的水平,促进土壤水分向根区以下移动,容易发生渗漏损失;沟灌方式引起剖面土壤温度的变化,高水分区域引起低土温,1个灌水周期内AFI根区平均土温比CFI高0.56~1.78℃,但不同点位之间根区平均土温差异较CFI小。在玉米生长期间,AFI根区平均土温比CFI高0.05~2.16℃,根区平均土壤含水量比CFI低3.31%左右。土温与土壤含水量存在良好的二次曲线关系,当土壤含水量X=37.30%时,土壤温度出现最低值。因此,与常规沟灌相比,交替隔沟灌溉具有控墒调温的作用,有利于根区土壤水分的高效利用,促进根区土温的均匀分布。     

番茄育种种质对南方根结线虫抗性评价及Mi-1基因检测

本研究以自育的26份番茄育种种质和抗南方根结线虫番茄品种‘仙客1号’及感南方根结线虫品种‘阿乃兹’为试验材料,采用病土盘栽自然发病鉴定、苗期二龄幼虫人工接种鉴定和PCR扩增及CAPS检测相结合的方法,研究供试材料对南方根结线虫的抗性水平及基因型。鉴定结果表明,供试的28份番茄材料中,高抗17份、抗病6份(包括抗病对照‘仙客1号’)、感病2份、高感3份(包括感病对照‘阿乃兹’),无免疫材料,且病土盘栽鉴定与苗期接种鉴定的结果一致。PCR扩增结果表明,27份番茄材料均能检测到一条750 bp的特异条带;TaqⅠ酶切结果显示,具有酶切位点的22份试材中有15份含纯合显性Mi-1/Mi-1基因、5份含杂合显性Mi-1/mi-1基因、2份含180 bp+250 bp+300 bp三条特异性片段,并且这22份试材对南方根结线虫表现高抗或抗,而其余5份不含显性Mi-1基因的试材则表现高感或感,证明Mi-1是具有抗南方根结线虫能力的基因,分子检测结果与病土盘栽鉴定和苗期接种鉴定的结果吻合率达92.6%;含有180 bp+250 bp+300 bp三条特异性片段的高抗材料可能含有其它抗根结线虫基因。分子检测与抗性鉴定相结合,能为创制抗南方根结线虫新种质提供一种更加省时、省力且经济有效的科学育种方法,可为番茄抗南方根结线虫育种提供理论依据和实践经验。     

马铃薯研究领域未来发展新方向分析

基于目前马铃薯研究领域的现状,分析了未来马铃薯研究发展新方向,即从目前集中关注马铃薯微观层面的研究,转向宏观领域的研究,尤其是在马铃薯遥感空间分布信息提取、单产模拟同化研究、空间格局动态变化机理、空间格局动态变化模拟等4个方面加强研究。此外,还列举了这4个方面目前的研究进展,同时指出综合运用遥感、地理信息系统、空间统计和计算机模拟等方法,着力研究马铃薯空间格局动态变化特征,有利于马铃薯种植结构与布局的优化,保障中国粮食安全。     

“农民参与式”木薯研究与推广的10年实践探讨

本文就中国热带农业科学院品资所于1994-2003年间所采用的“农民参与式”在木薯推广中的方法、过程、结果和成果进行了总结,并探讨成功的协作模式及解决存在问题的良策;概括“农民参与式”的概念、作用、意义。指出其发展前途。     

平菇专用保鲜膜常温MAP保鲜试验

以3种特制抗菌膜、1种常规保鲜LDPE膜和1种普通LDPE膜为试材,研究平菇常温不同特性保鲜膜MAP保鲜效果,确定最佳平菇保鲜膜.结果表明,日本产保鲜膜和国家农产品保鲜中心研制的抗菌膜包装平菇后于常温下贮藏8天,基本保持平菇原有的品质,失重率小于2%.     

黄淮冬麦区旱地区试小麦产量与产量三因素通径分析

对1997~1998年度参加全国旱地区试的16个冬小麦品种产量三因素与产量进行相关和通径分析,结果表明三因素都与产量具有正相关关系,其相关系数大小顺序为：穗粒数＞千粒重＞公顷穗数;直接通径系数大小顺序为：穗粒数＞公顷穗数＞千粒重。因此在选育旱地小麦品种时应注重协调好产量三因素之间的关系,在取得一定的群体穗数的基础上,以千粒重和穗粒数为重点性状。     

寒地早粳品种稻瘟病抗性与品质关系的研究

采用寒地早粳近5年参加黑龙江省区域试验和生产试验的131个品种,对稻瘟病抗性与品质诸性状的相关关系进行了研究,结果表明,寒地早粳水稻品种穗颈瘟抗性与水稻品种长宽比的相关系数为－0.1967,达到显著负相关;叶瘟、穗颈瘟抗性与水稻品种垩白大小呈显著正相关,平均相关系数分别为0.2026和0.1995;叶瘟、穗颈瘟抗性与垩白米率呈极显著正相关,平均相关系数分别为0.2276和0.2240;叶瘟、穗颈瘟抗性与垩白度除人工鉴定穗颈瘟外均呈显著正相关,叶瘟平均相关系数为0.1789,穗颈瘟平均相关系数为0.1630。叶瘟抗性与水稻品种蛋白质含量的相关系数平均为0.2159,达到显著负相关;稻瘟病抗性与水稻品种蒸煮品质、食味品质相关性因试验方法而不同,胶稠度、直链淀粉含量、食味在人工鉴定条件下存在着显著负相关性。因此,在寒地稻区选育优质、高抗稻瘟病的水稻新品种是完全可能的。