浅谈居住区景观设计

当前随着人们生活质量、品位的不断提升,更加关注居住环境。好的景观设计能使楼盘的附加值得到全方位提升,楼盘环境成为消费者辨别产品优劣的最直观标准[1]。在当前绿色、低碳生活的指引下,景观设计已不再是停留在表面的形式上,而是注重生态价值与生态美学、功能与思想内涵的更高层次的统一。     

舞毒蛾ISSR反应体系的优化与建立

舞毒蛾是一种食性广、危害大的林业害虫,遗传多样性的研究有利于揭示不同地理种群的遗传变异情况。以河北舞毒蛾为实验材料,对ISSR反应体系中的5个因子（Taq DNA聚合酶、模板DNA、引物、MgCl2和dNTPs）的8个浓度梯度依次进行试验,每一因子的最佳浓度都用于下一组优化试验,最终确定最佳反应体系优化筛选,结果表明,20μL ISSR反应体系各组分的最适浓度分别为0.5 U Taq DNA聚合酶,1.5 ng/μL模板DNA,2.4μmol/L引物,1.75 mmol/L MgCl2,0.28 mmol/L dNTPs。这一优化的舞毒蛾ISSR-PCR反应体系为进一步利用ISSR分子标记技术对舞毒蛾的遗传多样性分析奠定了良好的试验基础。     

近红外光谱技术在天然草地牧草营养价值评价中的应用及展望

近红外光谱技术(NIRS)是近几十年迅速发展的测试分析技术,由于准确、高效、无损等检测优势,在牧草营养价值评价领域得到广泛应用,但是在天然草地牧草方面应用较少。快速、实时评价天然草地牧草营养价值,为研究天然草地营养供给和营养载畜量提供基础数据,对草地畜牧业生产具有重要意义。文章阐述了近红外光谱技术的基本原理和特点,介绍了直接法和间接法评价牧草营养价值,分别从常规营养成分、矿物元素、抗营养成分、营养物质消化率4个层次综述近红外光谱技术在2个方法中的应用,并做出展望,以期建立基于NIRS技术的天然草地牧草营养价值数据库,为天然草地的科学管理和合理利用发挥重要作用。     

缓/控释氮肥对主要粮食作物及环境影响研究进展

本文围绕着近年来缓/控 释氮肥在主要粮食作物（小麦、玉米）上的应用展开综述。从小麦和玉米适用的缓/控 释氮肥类型、缓/控 释氮肥对作物产量和肥料利用率、氮养分平衡的影响、氮损失途径以及缓/控 释氮肥应用前景等方面进行分析,较全面的总结了施用缓/控释氮肥对小麦、玉米作物及土壤环境的影响,并对未来粮食生产的可能影响进行剖析。分析发现不同类型缓/控 释氮肥能不同程度提高小麦和玉米产量或保证稳产;合理施用缓/控 释氮肥能够提高氮肥料利用率、降低土壤氮素累积、减少氮素损失;提高土壤微生物量和酶的活性;减少温室气体排放及降低地下水体的硝酸盐污染。但施用缓/控 释氮肥对根际养分研究相对较少及存在施用方式的不合理性。建立科学合理的简化施肥技术体系,对缓/控 释肥的应用和推广具有重要意义。     

The effects of phenolic acid on nitrogen metabolism in <Emphasis Type="Italic">Populus</Emphasis> × <Emphasis Type="Italic">euramericana</Emphasis> ‘Neva’

The declines in soil fertility and productivity in continuously cropped poplar plantations are related to phenolic acid accumulation in the soil. Nitrogen is a vital life element for poplar and whether the accumulation of phenolic acid could influence nitrogen metabolism in poplar and thereby hinder continuous cropping is not clear. In this study, poplar cuttings of Populus × euramericana ‘Neva’ were potted in vermiculite, and phenolic acids at three concentrations (0X, 0.5X and 1.0X) were added according to the actual content (1.0X) in the soil of a second-generation poplar plantation. Each treatment had eight replicates. We measured gas exchange parameters and the activities of key enzymes related to nitrogen metabolism in the leaves. Leaf photosynthetic parameters varied with the concentration of phenolic acids. The net photosynthetic rate (P_N) significantly decreased with increasing phenolic acid concentration, and non-stomatal factors might have been the primary limitation for P_N. The activities of nitrate reductase (NR), glutamine synthetase (GS) and glutamate synthase (GOGAT), as well as the contents of nitrate nitrogen, ammonium nitrogen, and total nitrogen in the leaves decreased with increasing phenolic acid concentration. This was significantly and positively related to P_N (P < 0.05). The low concentration of phenolic acids mainly affected the transformation process of NO₃^? to NO₂^?, while the high concentration of phenolic acids affected both processes, where NO₃^? was transferred to NO₂^? and NH₄⁺ was transferred to glutamine (Gln). Overall, phenolic acid had significant inhibitory effects on the photosynthetic productivity of Populus × euramericana ‘Neva’. This was probably due to its influence on the activities of nitrogen assimilation enzymes, which reduced the amount of amino acids that were translated into protein and enzymes. Improving the absorption and utilization of nitrogen by plants could help to overcome the problems caused by continuous cropping.     

Flavonoid content and radical scavenging activity in fruits of Chinese dwarf cherry (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Cerasus humilis</Emphasis>) genotypes

The Chinese dwarf cherry (Cerasus humilis (Bge.) Sok.) is a small shrub with edible fruits. It is native to northern and western China. This species was included as a medicinal plant in the “Chinese Pharmacopeia” and has emerged as an economically important crop for fresh fruit consumption, processing into juice and wine and nutraceutical products as well. To gain a better understanding of flavonoid biosynthesis and help develop value added products and better cultivars with greater health benefits, we analyzed total flavonoid content (TFC), composition, and radical scavenging activities in fruit extracts of 16 Chinese dwarf cherry genotypes. Fruit peel TFC ranged from 33.5 to 72.8 mg/g RE·FW (RE: rutin equivalent, FW: fresh weight) while fruit flesh TFC ranged from 4.3 to 16.9 mg/g RE·FW. An HPLC analysis revealed that fruit extracts contained 14 flavonoids with considerable variation in their profiles across genotypes. The most abundant flavonoids in most genotypes were proanthocyanidin B1 (PA-B1), proanthocyanidin B2 (PA-B2), phloretin 2′-O-glucoside (PG), and phloretin 2′,4′-O-diglucoside (PDG). Principal component analysis showed that PG, PA-B1, and PA-B2 had large, positive factor loading values in the first principal component for each genotype. Increased scavenging activity of 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radicals was apparent in genotypes ‘Nongda 4’, ‘Nongda 3’, ‘Nongda 6’, ‘Wenfenli’, and ’10-32’, suggesting promising applications in the production of nutraceutical products. In summary, our results will aid in breeding, fruit processing, and developing medicinal uses of the Chinese dwarf cherry.     

Comparison of the nutrient resorption stoichiometry of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Quercus variabilis</Emphasis> Blume growing in two sites contrasting in soil phosphorus content

Key message

Foliar phosphorus (P) resorption in Quercus variabilis Blume was significantly lower at a P-rich than at a P-deficient site. Moreover, P resorption strongly decreased, and nitrogen:phosphorus and carbon:phosphorus resorption ratios increased with soil P content. This demonstrates a strong link between foliar P resorption and P content in soils, and emphasizes the importance of P resorption in leaves of trees growing in soils with contrasted P content.

Context

Subtropical ecosystems are generally characterized by P-deficient soils. However, P-rich soils develop in phosphate rock areas.

Aims

We compared the patterns of nutrient resorption, in terms of ecological stoichiometry, for two sites naturally varying in soil P content.

Methods

The resorption efficiency (percentage of a nutrient recovered from senescing leaves) and proficiency (level to which nutrient concentration is reduced in senesced leaves) of 12 elements were determined in two oak (Q. variabilis) populations growing at a P-rich or a P-deficient site in subtropical China.

Results

P resorption efficiency dominated the intraspecific variation in nutrient resorption between the two sites. Q. variabilis exhibited a low P resorption at the P-rich site and a high P resorption at the P-deficient site. Both P resorption efficiency and proficiency strongly decreased with soil P content only and were positively related to the N:P and C:P ratios in green and senesced leaves. Moreover, resorption efficiency ratios of both N:P and C:P were positively associated with soil P.

Conclusion

These results revealed a strong link between P resorption and P stoichiometry in response to a P deficiency in the soil, and a single- and limiting-element control pattern of P resorption. Hence, these results provide new insights into the role of P resorption in plant adaptations to geologic variations of P in the subtropics.

     

白河林业局森林昆虫群落多样性

通过对吉林省白河林业局森林群落昆虫的实际调查,发现该地区森林昆虫有10目93科289属327种,群落组成为寡种寡属占优势,群落较为稳定;森林昆虫群落中优势科有7个,优势种有16个;季节动态表明,该地区森林昆虫群落在7月份个体数量、丰富度和等级多样性指数均达到最大值;该地区森林昆虫不同月份的优势种差异较大,落叶松球蚜(Adelges laricis Val.)为6、7、8月份共有的优势种,5、6月份共有的优势种是山楂绢粉蝶(Aporia crataegi(Linnaeus)),6、7月份共有的优势种有大青叶蝉(Cicadella viridis(Linnaeus))、小青花金龟(Oxycetonia jucunda(Faldermann))、杨叶甲(Chrysomela populi Linnaeus),金绿真蝽(Pentatoma metallifera(Motshulsky))为7、8月份共有的优势种,8、9月份共有的优势种是柞栎象(Curculio dentipes(Roelofs))。     

我国农业技术推广主体的行为实践研究

农业技术推广涉及众多相对独立的行为主体,各主体的自身发展、行为实践及相互协作程度,影响着农业技术推广的进程和力度。本文基于陕西、甘肃、河北等8省调研,采取案例研究和对比方法,总结归纳我国农技推广各主体的行为实践和经验,为完善农技推广体系提供对策建议。研究表明,我国公益性农技推广职能得到全面履行,引导和规范了社会化服务、建设了类型多样试验示范基地、探索了效率优先的工作新机制、实现了对现代农业的有力支撑。我国公益性和经营性农技推广主体探索了延伸式服务、合作式服务、引导式服务、农技综合服务、农业信息化服务、技术示范带动服务和托管式技术服务7种模式,教学科研机构创新了科技小院、试验示范站、四体融合、三位一体和技术总承包等5种模式。然而,不同主体农技推广过程中,存在基层公益性农技推广主体活力不足、经营性服务组织能力不强、教学科研主体创新不够、多元化主体融合度不高等问题。因此,需要从深化基层农技推广机构改革、扶持经营性主体发展壮大、推进农科教推一体化建设、建立政府主导多元协同推广机制等方面加以完善。     

提取缓冲液pH值对植物组织中SOD、POD和CAT酶活性的影响

植物组织中SOD、POD和CAT活性测定对于研究植物抗逆性极其重要。为了简化实验,利用比色法研究了四种作物在正常水分条件下和干旱胁迫下,不同pH值提取缓冲液对SOD、POD和CAT酶活性的影响。结果表明,SOD不适合在低pH值(6.0)提取缓冲液下提取,POD不适合在pH 7.0的提取缓冲液下提取,CAT可以应用三种提取缓冲液中的任意一种,对酶活性均影响不大。综上所述,SOD、POD和CAT三种酶活均可以应用pH 7.8缓冲液提取,不会显著影响实验结果,提高测定效率。