沙地樟子松天然林自然落种和土壤种子库的特征

研究了呼伦贝尔沙地3种类型的樟子松天然林内天然母树的自然落种和土壤种子库特征.结果表明:土壤种子库中种子数量的空间分布特征和母树自然落种数量的空间分布规律相同.从树干或林缘向外,随着传播距离的增加,土壤种子库的种子数量和母树自然落种的种子数量均有降低的趋势.从树干或林缘向外4～5m范围内樟子松母树自然落种数量最多,而后随着距离的增加,自然落种数量明显减少.樟子松天然林母树自然落种的传播距离范围可以达到25m,表明在适宜条件下,沙地樟子松天然林通过自然更新,能够迅速扩展林缘,扩大种群.     

落叶松木材的热解特性

采用热重分析仪研究了在不同升温速率、粒径下,落叶松树皮和实木的热解特性.结果表明:升温速率升高使热重(TG)和微商热重(DTG)曲线向高温侧移动,热解主要阶段变宽;粒径增大,DTG曲线温度增加,GDT绝对值减少;落叶松树皮GDT最大值为-0.0048,落叶松实木GDT最大值为-0.01,落叶松实木的热解转化率大于落叶松树皮的热解转化率.     

几种松树挥发物对松材线虫行为的影响

通过室内生测的方法,研究了几种主要的松树挥发物对松材线虫行为的影响.结果表明,α-异松油烯、β-水芹烯、β-蒎烯抑制松材线虫繁殖,其中α-异松油烯、β-水芹烯抑制力较强,β-蒎烯抑制力较弱,而β-月桂烯、反式-石竹烯、莰烯、异长叶烯和α-蒎烯对线虫繁殖没有影响.β-水芹烯和莰烯具有杀松材线虫活性,β-蒎烯和β-月桂烯增强松材线虫活力,而异长叶烯、α-蒎烯、反式-石竹烯对线虫存活没有影响.β-蒎烯、反式-石竹烯、异长叶烯、莰烯对松材线虫具引诱作用,其中β-蒎烯引诱力最强,反式-石竹烯次之,异长叶烯、莰烯引诱力最弱,而α-蒎烯、β-水芹烯、α-异松油烯和β-月桂烯对线虫无引诱作用.并对几种挥发物在松树抗松材线虫病中的作用进行了讨论.     

镁肥对土壤铅生物有效性的影响

铅污染土壤可通过蔬菜消费威胁人类健康。为降低铅污染土壤中铅的生物有效性,减轻铅对作物的伤害,以菠菜(Spinacia oleracea L.)为试验作物,采用盆栽试验方法,设置75、150、300 mg/(kg?土)3个硫酸镁施用量,125、1000 mg/(kg?土)2个铅污染浓度,研究施用硫酸镁肥对土壤中外源铅生物有效性的影响。结果表明,不同铅浓度对菠菜生长、产量和养分吸收都有显著的影响。铅的浓度越大,对作物伤害越大。在铅污染土壤中适当施用镁肥,可以促进菠菜生长,增加产量,叶片叶绿素、维生素Ｃ含量以及氮、磷、钾养分吸收量均明显提高,而铅浓度明显下降。相关分析表明,菠菜镁吸收量与铅吸收量呈显著性负相关关系。研究结果表明,适量镁肥的施用可降低土壤中铅的生物有效性,减轻铅对作物的伤害,提高产量,改善品质,这对轻度铅污染土壤改良和菠菜高产优质生产具有一定的指导意义。     

Characterization of acetylcholinesterase from the gut of sea cucumber Stichopus japonicus

An acetylcholinesterase was purified from the gut of sea cucumber Stichopus japonicus by anion exchange chromatography followed by gel filtration chromatography. The enzyme was purified 35.49-fold with a total yield of 7.73 %. The molecular mass of purified acetylcholinesterase was 68 kDa as revealed on sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. The enzyme displayed maximum activity at pH 7.5 and 35 °C with acetylthiocholine iodide as substrate. The enzyme activity appeared to be stable over pH 6.0–8.0 and up to 40 °C. It displayed an apparent Michaelis–Menten behavior in the concentration range from 0.1 to 0.8 mM with K _m values of 0.62 mM for acetylthiocholine iodide and 2.53 mM for butyrylthiocholine iodide. More than 95 % of acetylcholinesterase activity was inhibited by 1 mM eserine or 1,5-bis(4-allyldimethylammonium phenyl)-pentan-3-one dibromide (BW284C51), but only 19.1 % of the activity was inhibited by tetraisopropylpyrophosphoramide (iso-OMPA) at the same concentration. On the basis of the substrate and inhibitor specificities, the purified enzyme appeared to be a true acetylcholinesterase. Nevertheless, the purified acetylcholinesterase exhibited insensitivity to substrate inhibition phenomenon. Its biochemical properties were compared with those reported for different species.     

保护性耕作技术应用成效机理与关键环节研究

该文从5个方面着重分析了应用保护性耕作技术的主要成效,并对取得的效应从技术机理上做了分析。针对保护性耕作规模应用的关键环节技术问题,进行了实践研究。对今后在长春市进一步推广保护性耕作具有一定的指导意义。      

Characterization of Fusarium spp. Causing Potato Dry Rot in China and Susceptibility Evaluation of Chinese Potato Germplasm to the Pathogen

Dry rot is a serious potato disease and causes significant losses in China. Research efforts on potato dry rot have been very limited as well as the attempts to characterize the pathogen in the major potato production regions of China. A total of 260 Fusarium isolates were identified in 698 potato tubers collected in six important potato production regions of northern China, out of which five different Fusarium species, Fusarium sambucinum, F. avenaceum, F. oxysporum, F. equiseti, and F. acuminatum, were isolated. The identification of each species was confirmed by sequencing analysis of ∼700 bp DNA fragment derived from the translation elongation factor-1 alpha gene. F. sambucinum was found to be the predominant species accounting for 56% of the isolates. Different pathogenicity was found to be associated with five most common Fusarium species. Sixty-seven clones used in China were identified as susceptible to F. sambucinum, indicating little scope for developing resistant cultivars using the currently available potato germplasm.     

Spinnability in pre-gelled gel spinning of polyacrylonitrile precursor fibers

The spinnability in pre-gelled gel spinning of polyacrylonitrile (PAN) precursor fibers was investigated. The spinning solutions were aged at 25 °C for different times prior to fiber spinning. The pre-gelled spinning solution aged for 2.5 h was much more strain hardening than the ungelled one, which can increase the spinnability of the solution. The maximum take-up velocity of the first winding roller V _1m, which reflects the spinnability of the spinning solutions, was found to be largest when the aging time was 1.5 h. The spinnability increased with the increase of the air gap length and the lengthdiameter ratio L/D of the spinnerette. Once the L/D increased beyond 15, the spinnability hardly changed. The fibers spun from the spinning solution aged for 1.5 h had the best mechanical properties and favorable structure, showing that good spinnability favors the performance increase of resultant PAN precursor fibers.     

基于无线数据传输的农田节水灌溉系统

随着淡水资源的匮乏,节水灌溉在农业中的推广已是必然趋势。为此,设计了基于无线数据传输的自动控制灌溉控制系统,介绍了无线射频技术的代表芯片nRF905的使用,从而突破了传统灌溉系统的有线数据传输模式,具有抗干扰能力强和传输距离远的特点;介绍了常见的上位机开发工具,并使用LABVIEW编写上位机。经实地测试使用表明,系统达到了良好的节水目的。     

手推式蔬菜种子播种机的设计

随着棚室蔬菜种植业的发展壮大,以人工为主的种植模式已经远远不能满足发展需要,存在种植效率低、播种精度低、浪费种子和株距不均等诸多问题。针对这种情况研发设计一种适合棚室作业的手推式蔬菜种子播种机。该机具采用了高精度排种器,使播种精度、播种效率、株距以及粒距等远远好于人工播种;用户可根据需要随意更换不同的排种轮,一台机具可实现播种不同株距的不同蔬菜种子;整个机具结构简单、设计巧妙、占地面积小。该机具投入使用后将大大减轻农民的劳动强度,使棚室内的种植环境保持清洁、无污染,填补了国内棚室蔬菜种子播种机械的空白。