基于IPCC排放因子法估算碳足迹的京津冀生态补偿量化

构建合理的生态补偿量化标准关系着京津冀区域的健康发展。采用IPCC排放因子法计算京津冀地区2006-2015年的碳足迹,结果表明:10 a间京津冀地区碳足迹变化趋势分为2个阶段,2006到2013呈现快速增长趋势,年增长率约为8.5%,2013年之后基本保持不变;考虑森林、草地、农用地的固碳能力的前提下,测算了京津冀地区2006-2015年的碳承载力,结果表明:2009年京津冀地区的碳承载力有明显增高,之后基本保持平稳,略有提升;为了对比不同区域内(人口和区域面积)碳赤字对生态的影响,提出了碳赤字敏感度,进而利用碳赤字敏感度构建了生态补偿因子的概念,并据此确定京津冀三区生态补偿的量化标准,结果表明:河北和北京每年都应得到天津支付的一定额度的生态补偿,其中河北2012年应获得补偿最多(161亿元),北京2013年最多(61.5亿元)。研究结果对加快建立完善的京津冀横向生态补偿机制有参考意义。     

Cotton Chemical Topping by Applying DPC in Different Cotton-Growing Regions

[Objective] The objective of this study was to investigate the stability and universality of cotton chemical topping by applying mepiquat chloride (1,1-dimethyl-piperidinium chloride, DPC) in different cotton-growing regions. [Method] Field experiments were conducted in 2018 at 10 locations in the Yellow River basin (Hejian and Handan, Hebei province; Dezhou and Wudi, Shandong province), the Yangtze River basin (Dafeng, Jiangsu province; Huanggang, Hubei province), and Xinjiang area (Shihezi location I and loacation II, northern Xinjiang and Luntai and Shaya, southern Xinjiang). Local cultivars/lines were used, and the experiments were performed using a randomized complete block design with three or four replicates. Accompanied with typical DPC multi-application in each location, chemical topping was conducted at 10 days before manual topping (T1) or at the same time with manual topping (T2) by applying four dosages of DPC (0, 90, 180, 270 g·hm^－2), manual topping was used as the first control and non-topping as the second control. [Result] The time of chemical topping significantly affected cotton plant height (except for the results in Handan, Dezhou and Wudi) and the number of fruit branches (except for the results in Dafeng and Huanggang). It was observed that earlier chemical topping would result in lower cotton plant height and a fewer fruit branches. In Hejian and Shihezi location I, the average plant height across DPC chemical topping at T1 stage was not only lower than that of T2 stage but also 3.3 cm and 4.6 cm lower than that of manual topping, respectively. In most locations, chemical topping at T1 stage increased around two fruit branches per plant compared with manual topping, while in T2 stage the increased fruit branches per plant ranged from 2.3 to 7.7. Also, we found that a higher dosage of DPC resulted in shorter plant height (except for that in Huanggang). In some locations, plant heights of chemical topping with 180 g·hm^－2 or 270 g·hm^－2 DPC were even shorter than that of manual topping. The number of fruit branches per plant of 0 g·hm^－2 DPC increased by 2.4-8.3 compared with manual topping. However, chemical topping with 90-270 g·hm^－2 DPC significantly reduced the number of fruit branches compared with 0 g·hm^－2 DPC. There were no significant differences in the number of fruit branches among three DPC dosages (90, 180, and 270 g·hm^－2). In Handan, seed cotton yield of chemical topping at T2 stage was significantly lower than that of manual topping due to the decreased boll number, which is possibly associated with the high temperature and drought weather after chemical topping. While at other locations, most treatments of chemical topping by using DPC did not produce significant effects on yield. In addition, chemical topping by using DPC did not delay cotton maturity, characterized by their similar boll-opening rate and the first harvest rate to those of manual topping before spraying harvest aids. [Conclusion] Cotton chemical topping with DPC is more stable and universal across different cotton-growing regions. We suggest that 90-180 g·hm^－2 DPC could be used at the same time with manual topping for cotton chemical topping.     

平房仓横向通风技术在玉米储藏上的应用研究

为了研究平房仓横向通风技术在玉米储藏上的应用效果,明确玉米储藏过程横向通风工艺及其参数,利用高大平房仓中设计安装的横向通风设施,以及在储藏玉米粮堆中预埋的插入式毕托管,对高大平房仓横向通风系统进行实仓测试。全面开展了玉米储藏过程中横向通风工艺应用研究,测试了在横向通风系统通风时,风速、风量、系统各部分阻力和粮堆压力分布。研究发现,在储藏玉米的高大平房仓中应用横向通风系统时,粮堆单位粮层阻力较小,在实用单位通风量时,横向通风系统总阻力不大于1200Pa;同时横向通风还具有风量分配均匀、粮堆通风均匀性良好的特点。该研究为玉米在配备横向通风系统的高大平房仓储藏提供了技术支持。     

茶皂素的陶瓷膜纯化工艺优化及脱色研究

茶皂素是一种性能优良的天然非离子型表面活性剂,但目前使用的多为粗提物,纯度不高且含有大量色素,水溶液颜色较深,严重影响其应用范围。通过正交试验对茶皂素的纯化工艺进行了优化,结果表明,在0.05μm的膜孔径、0.1 MPa的操作压力和1%的料液质量分数下,样品纯度由原先的不到50%提高到83%,得率为69%。对油茶皂苷的脱色工艺进行了研究,确定了最佳工艺条件为:H2O2加入量9%,料液质量分数10%,pH值9,脱色温度70℃,脱色时间30 min,工艺简单易行,适宜工业化生产。     

轴流泵内流场的数值模拟与实验

基于Navier-Stokes方程组和标准R-ε紊流模型,采用SIMPLEC算法在商用软件CFX平台上对轴流泵叶轮内流场进行数值模拟.计算得到泵的性能曲线与性能实验的结果比较吻合;并将90%叶高和出口叶轮根部位置得到的相对速度和流线的分布与PIV测量结果进行了比较,两者能较好地符合,从而证明了数值计算的有效性和准确性.分析了轴流泵在不同流量工况下的内流场的流动结构及造成效率降低的原因,其结果可以为轴流泵的内流分析和性能改善提供参考.     

干柱层析法制备油茶总皂苷对照品初探

目的 研究干柱层析法制备油茶皂苷对照品的方法。方法 原料用60 %乙醇超声提取,浓缩至无醇味,石油醚脱酯后用正丁醇按3:1体积比加入萃取。取正丁醇层并真空浓缩至干,干法上样于100目~200目硅胶柱色谱分离,用乙酸乙酯-甲醇-正丁醇-水(2:1:4:7)的上相展层;根据Rf值取出相应的条带并用甲醇淋洗收集蒸干,薄层及理化性质检测。结果 该方法所制样品由薄层色谱为一点,纯度较高。结论 该方法简便、实用且制备量大,可作为油茶总皂苷对照品。     

玉米细胞质雄性不育系JnA的分组鉴定及利用

首先对玉米细胞质雄性不育系JnA进行小斑病菌接种鉴定,同时对其花药、花粉形态观察,通过恢保关系鉴定,F2育性分离观察及F1花粉碘液染色镜检,初步确定JnA属于S组细胞质雄性不育。从JnA×恢313的F2出现少量不育株和半恢株的情况看,JnA的不育性的恢复既受主基因控制,又受微效多基因作用。细胞学显微观察发现JnA的败育时期发生在单核晚期至二核花粉期,败育发生与绒毡层解体异常有关。同时对JnA在生产上利用的可行性作了初步研究。     

河北省满城县旅游景点数量特征研究

目前在区域旅游开发中,对区域内旅游景点数量特征的研究多用定性描述的方法进行,为了使研究更加科学而有意义,急需进行定量化研究。该文以河北省满城县为例,采用景点调查、GPS定位和文件读取相结合的方法,按照相关标准将210个景点分成景系—景类—景型三个层次,在MapInfo软件的支持下,按景类在基础要素图上标注并绘制出满城县旅游景点类型分布图,然后借鉴景观指数的思维方法,定量描述了景点的数量特征。主要结论为满城县的旅游景点大多分布在该县的中部、西部和北部,AA地文景观、AB水文景观、AC气候生物、BA历史遗迹和CA旅游服务等5个景类分布较广,东部和南部旅游景点分布少且不广,多为BB现代人文吸引物景类,并指明了原因;通过定量表达各乡镇旅游景点的数量及类型,从而便于各乡镇了解自身景点的赋存状况,提出针对性的发展对策;分析了景点的多样性指数H、均匀性指数E、优势度指数D和丰富度指数R,并说明了原因,为旅游景点的研究提供了一种有益的方法和独特的视角。     

铅污染对土壤微生物及酶活性的影响

摘要：通过室内培养试验,研究了土壤铅污染对土壤微生物基础呼吸及土壤脲酶、脱氢酶、酸性磷酸酶的影响,结果表明,随着土壤铅添加浓度的提高,土壤微生物基础呼吸呈现出上升的趋势,土壤脲酶则随着铅浓度的增加呈现出不断下降趋势,土壤脱氢酶活性则在低浓度下上升而随着添加浓度的进一步提高迅速降低,可见,这两种酶对土壤铅毒害反应灵敏,可以作为土壤铅污染评价的指标,而土壤磷酸酶则对铅浓度的变化没有表现出明显的统计规律性,不适宜作为土壤铅污染评价的酶学指标。     

CaCl2对超高压改性马铃薯淀粉结构的影响

研究了600MPa超高压下,不同浓度的CaCl2介质对马铃薯淀粉结构的影响。应刚偏光显微镜和X-射线衍射对样品进行了分析测试。结果表明,不管浓度大小如何,CaCl2均可以抑制淀粉的糊化,其偏光十字均保持得较好;低浓度的CaCl2对马铃薯淀粉的结晶结构影响不大,高浓度的CaCl2则由于渗透作用而导致淀粉结晶结构部分发生破坏。