中国北方典型地区农用地膜污染现状调查及其防治对策

通过对我国北方典型地区的调查，初步探索了该地区土壤农膜残留量和残膜特征。研究表明，河北省典型地区温室大棚、蔬菜田和作物田的农膜土壤残留量平均分别为5.629、7.369和2.822 kg·hm^-2，黑龙江省典型地区温室大棚、蔬菜田和作物田残留量平均分别为4.169、3.682和2.430 kg·hm^-2，各采样点之间存在着较大差异，但普遍较高，均明显高于未使用农膜的对照土壤。两地区之间除作物田的土壤农膜残留量没有明显差异外，河北地区其他两类土壤中的农膜残留量水平明显高于黑龙江地区，这种差异与各地区在农事活动及农膜使用上的差异具有一定的相关性。上述两地区土壤中残留农膜尺寸基本一致，主要集中在10～15 cm之间。该文针对我国目前农膜使用情况及其污染现状，提出了相应的防治对策。     

钾在红壤肥际微域中的迁移

钾是植物生长必需的大量元素,施入土壤中的钾主要通过扩散作用与作物根系接触而被吸收利用,其在土壤中的扩散受水分、温度,质地等多种因素的影响[1]。研究钾在土壤中的迁移距离和形态变化有助于了解钾的土壤化学行为,从而指导合理施肥。肥料施入土壤后,特别在集中施用时(条施、穴施、带施等)都会在肥料附近造成一个特殊的环境,在这一微域内,肥料养分的浓度数倍或十几倍于整个土体,它必然会引起一系列特殊的物理、化学、物理化学和生物学的反应。这些反应常常对土壤生产力和植物营养会产生很大影响,研究这一区别于整个土体的特殊区域的特殊反…     

拖拉机田间作业参数无线检测系统研究

针对当前拖拉机检测系统功能集成度低、检测参数不全面、传输距离有限的问题,开发了拖拉机田间作业参数无线检测系统。该系统由传感器、数据采集仪及上位机软件监测平台3部分组成,能够实现PTO转矩及转速、油耗、发动机转速、悬挂提升力、力位调节加载力、加载角度、行驶速度、车轮转速、牵引力等多种参数的采集、无线发送与存储。系统工作时,数据采集仪中的车载检测仪将采集的传感器数据发送至无线数据接收器,无线数据接收器通过串口将数据传输至上位机软件监测平台,实现对各类试验参数的实时监测与数据处理。为验证检测系统的可行性与稳定性,对系统进行了采集通道的计量,结果显示模拟信号通道绝对误差绝对值最大为0.003V,引用误差最大为0.03%,频率信号通道检测绝对误差最大为2Hz,引用误差最大为0.013%,满足对拖拉机作业参数的采集需求。在此基础上,进行了PTO转矩参数及拖拉机无负载行驶速度采集试验。试验结果表明,检测系统可以实现转矩参数的稳定采集及数据的无线传输;在5、8、14km/h 3挡车速匀速行驶下,拖拉机车轮转速与实际行驶速度基本一致,最大相对误差分别为2.0%、1.2%及0.7%。本系统可满足对拖拉机工作性能参数的无线检测需求,数据采集稳定且采集精度较高,为拖拉机多作业参数的无线采集提供有效手段。     

大型收获机械发动机孔组位置度误差在线检测方法

发动机是收获机械的动力源,其安装位置精度将直接影响整机装配质量,进而关系机器的作业效率和可靠性。由于收获机械底盘机架结构复杂、表面粗糙度大,现有测量方法及设备难以满足大跨距孔组位置度误差测量需求,针对收获机械发动机安装孔位置度的自动化测量需求,提出了基于机器视觉的大跨距孔组位置度误差在线检测方法,通过建立孔组位置度误差模型,使用多部工业相机获取安装孔二维图像,通过相机在线标定、图像增强处理、特征提取、坐标变换等手段,实时测取并计算安装孔组之间的位置度误差。在此基础上,基于LabWindows/CVI平台,开发了自动检测软件,实现了发动机安装孔位置度的快速检测。以某型玉米收获机底盘机架发动机安装孔组为对象开展了试验研究,结果表明,利用该方法能够有效获取安装孔组的位置度关系,建立的孔组位置度误差模型能够进行误差分析与评定,在分辨率和测量精度上均优于传统测量方式,检测效率较高,能够满足生产线自动化检测需求。     

生物质热解柔性输送装置性能研究

为了解决生物质连续热解装置的螺旋绞龙与热解管因热变形而发生的机械干涉现象,研究了一种用于生物质热解的无轴柔性连续输送装置,设计了该无轴柔性螺旋叶片参数。以稻壳、木屑和黄豆为输送物料,探究了螺距、转速和有轴、无轴等因素对输送性能的影响。结果表明:柔性输送装置的输送能力随着螺距的增加而增强,在中低转速下,物料的处理量随着转速的增加呈线性增加,表明物料的输送量和通过时间可通过调节电机转速实现精准控制;无轴螺旋输送能力比有轴螺旋增加15%~30%,且输送过程平稳,避免了物料在输送装置与输送管之间发生挤压、进而出现死机的现象。     

地衣芽孢杆菌抗菌肽的纯化及抗菌特性分析

从地衣芽孢杆菌（Bacillus licheniformis）LY12发酵液中分离纯化抗菌肽,并得到抗菌肽抗菌特性。通过超滤、(DEAE-Sepharose FF离子交换层析、Sephadex G-15分子筛凝胶过滤层析、反向高效液相色谱（RT-HPLC）等方法纯化该抗菌肽。LC-ESI-MS质谱显示抗菌肽分子量为2750.785Da,同Tricine SDS-PAGE分析结果基本一致。体外抗菌试验结果显示,抗菌肽LYF12能够抑制丝状真菌、细菌的生长。对枯草芽孢杆菌（Bacillus subtilis）、大肠杆菌（Escherichia coli）、铜绿假单胞菌（Pseudomonas aeruginosa）、金黄色葡萄球菌（Staphylococcus aureus）、藤黄微球菌（Micrococcus aureus）、蜡状芽孢杆菌（Bacillus cereus）、副溶血性弧菌（Vibrio parachaemolyticus）的最低抑菌浓度分别为9.8、19.8、20.7、7.2、9.6、10.2 和15.7μg/ml。抗菌肽显示出对革兰氏阴性细菌、革兰氏阳性细菌及真菌具有较好的抗菌效果。从地衣芽孢杆菌LY12分离的抗菌肽在食品防腐中具有潜在的应用价值。     

Cotton Chemical Topping by Applying DPC in Different Cotton-Growing Regions

[Objective] The objective of this study was to investigate the stability and universality of cotton chemical topping by applying mepiquat chloride (1,1-dimethyl-piperidinium chloride, DPC) in different cotton-growing regions. [Method] Field experiments were conducted in 2018 at 10 locations in the Yellow River basin (Hejian and Handan, Hebei province; Dezhou and Wudi, Shandong province), the Yangtze River basin (Dafeng, Jiangsu province; Huanggang, Hubei province), and Xinjiang area (Shihezi location I and loacation II, northern Xinjiang and Luntai and Shaya, southern Xinjiang). Local cultivars/lines were used, and the experiments were performed using a randomized complete block design with three or four replicates. Accompanied with typical DPC multi-application in each location, chemical topping was conducted at 10 days before manual topping (T1) or at the same time with manual topping (T2) by applying four dosages of DPC (0, 90, 180, 270 g·hm^－2), manual topping was used as the first control and non-topping as the second control. [Result] The time of chemical topping significantly affected cotton plant height (except for the results in Handan, Dezhou and Wudi) and the number of fruit branches (except for the results in Dafeng and Huanggang). It was observed that earlier chemical topping would result in lower cotton plant height and a fewer fruit branches. In Hejian and Shihezi location I, the average plant height across DPC chemical topping at T1 stage was not only lower than that of T2 stage but also 3.3 cm and 4.6 cm lower than that of manual topping, respectively. In most locations, chemical topping at T1 stage increased around two fruit branches per plant compared with manual topping, while in T2 stage the increased fruit branches per plant ranged from 2.3 to 7.7. Also, we found that a higher dosage of DPC resulted in shorter plant height (except for that in Huanggang). In some locations, plant heights of chemical topping with 180 g·hm^－2 or 270 g·hm^－2 DPC were even shorter than that of manual topping. The number of fruit branches per plant of 0 g·hm^－2 DPC increased by 2.4-8.3 compared with manual topping. However, chemical topping with 90-270 g·hm^－2 DPC significantly reduced the number of fruit branches compared with 0 g·hm^－2 DPC. There were no significant differences in the number of fruit branches among three DPC dosages (90, 180, and 270 g·hm^－2). In Handan, seed cotton yield of chemical topping at T2 stage was significantly lower than that of manual topping due to the decreased boll number, which is possibly associated with the high temperature and drought weather after chemical topping. While at other locations, most treatments of chemical topping by using DPC did not produce significant effects on yield. In addition, chemical topping by using DPC did not delay cotton maturity, characterized by their similar boll-opening rate and the first harvest rate to those of manual topping before spraying harvest aids. [Conclusion] Cotton chemical topping with DPC is more stable and universal across different cotton-growing regions. We suggest that 90-180 g·hm^－2 DPC could be used at the same time with manual topping for cotton chemical topping.     

草莓根腐病研究进展

草莓根腐病是草莓根部重要病害,特别是在多年种植草莓的重茬地块,严重时可造成整个草莓园区的毁灭。该病的发生具有逐年上升趋势,已成为草莓产业发展的主要障碍之一。世界范围内草莓主产区已报道的根腐病病原物达20种之多,是一种较难防治的土传病害。文章从草莓根腐病的分类与特点、发生与危害、根腐病病原物生物学、病害症状及防治方法等方面全面阐述了国内外草莓根腐病的研究进展,并从化学、物理、农业、生物防治等方面介绍了目前草莓根腐病的主要防治方法,最后从生态学的角度对该病防治的研究前景进行了展望。     

干柱层析法制备油茶总皂苷对照品初探

目的 研究干柱层析法制备油茶皂苷对照品的方法。方法 原料用60 %乙醇超声提取,浓缩至无醇味,石油醚脱酯后用正丁醇按3:1体积比加入萃取。取正丁醇层并真空浓缩至干,干法上样于100目~200目硅胶柱色谱分离,用乙酸乙酯-甲醇-正丁醇-水(2:1:4:7)的上相展层;根据Rf值取出相应的条带并用甲醇淋洗收集蒸干,薄层及理化性质检测。结果 该方法所制样品由薄层色谱为一点,纯度较高。结论 该方法简便、实用且制备量大,可作为油茶总皂苷对照品。     

玉米细胞质雄性不育系JnA的分组鉴定及利用

首先对玉米细胞质雄性不育系JnA进行小斑病菌接种鉴定,同时对其花药、花粉形态观察,通过恢保关系鉴定,F2育性分离观察及F1花粉碘液染色镜检,初步确定JnA属于S组细胞质雄性不育。从JnA×恢313的F2出现少量不育株和半恢株的情况看,JnA的不育性的恢复既受主基因控制,又受微效多基因作用。细胞学显微观察发现JnA的败育时期发生在单核晚期至二核花粉期,败育发生与绒毡层解体异常有关。同时对JnA在生产上利用的可行性作了初步研究。