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1.
Biological control in agroecosystems 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Batra SW 《Science (New York, N.Y.)》1982,215(4529):134-139
Living organisms are used as biological pest control agents in (i) classical biological control, primarily for permanent control of introduced perennial weed pests or introduced pests of perennial crops; (ii) augmentative biological control, for temporary control of native or introduced pests of annual crops grown in monoculture; and (iii) conservative or natural control, in which the agroecosystem is managed to maximize the effect of native or introduced biological control agents. The effectiveness of biological control can be improved if it is based on adequate ecological information and theory, and if it is integrated with other pest management practices. 相似文献
2.
Eight maize complexes and varieties representing high and low yield levels were tested for their suitability as top cross testers by comparing the performance of the crosses in relation to the combining ability of the parents estimated by diallel analysis. The discriminating ability of the testers was compared by Schumann and Bradley test. In both cases the results clearly showed that the low performing testers were better and more reliable than the high performing complexes. The utility of per se performance as an indication of general combining ability of the complexes has been discussed. 相似文献
3.
The mean percentage of cells forming rosettes with 2-aminoethyl isothiouronium bromide-treated sheep erythrocytes (EAETRFC) in the peripheral blood of 10 horn cancer-affected cattle (40.05 +/- 2.91) was significantly low in comparison to the value in unaffected control animals (58.61 +/- 1.68). Immunotherapy with a saline phenol extract of allogeneic tumour tissue resulted in a gradual increase in the mean percentage of EAETRFC on each subsequent week. The increase was statistically significant from the second week onwards and on the sixth week, the percentage of EAETRFC in horn cancer affected cattle (56.80 +/- 1.38) closely approximated the value in unaffected controls. 相似文献
4.
Velasquez-Pereira J Aréchiga CF McDowell LR Hansen PJ Chenoweth PJ Calhoun MC Risco CA Batra TR Williams SN Wilkinson NS 《Journal of animal science》2002,80(9):2485-2492
Superovulated Hereford-Angus crossbred heifers (average 397 kg BW) were used to test the effect of feeding cottonseed meal (gossypol) and vitamin E on embryo quality and ovarian characteristics. Twenty-four heifers were assigned randomly to four treatments with six heifers per treatment. Treatments were the following dietary supplements: 1) SBM (soybean meal + 30 IU vitamin E/kg of diet DM); 2) SBM+E (soybean meal + 4,000 IU vitamin E x animal(-1) x d(-1)); 3) CSM (cottonseed meal + 30 IU vitamin E/kg of diet DM); and 4) CSM+E (cottonseed meal + 4,000 IU vitamin E x animal(-1) x d(-1)). Supplements based on cottonseed meal provided 43.5 g of total gossypol/d (37% negative isomer (-) and 63% positive isomer (+)). Blood samples were collected at the start of the experiment and every 3 wk thereafter up to 12 wk. Plasma a-tocopherol (alpha-T) concentration was affected by treatments (P < 0.05). Heifers supplemented with cottonseed meal had greater (P < 0.05) alpha-T concentration in plasma than heifers supplemented with soybean meal at each concentration of vitamin E. Supplementation at 4,000 IU vitamin E x animal(-1) d(-1) increased (P < 0.05) the concentration of a-T in plasma. Weight gain, hemoglobin and hematocrit were not affected by treatment. Erythrocyte osmotic fragility (EOF) increased (P < 0.05) in cottonseed meal-fed animals; however, EOF was lowered (P < 0.05) with vitamin E supplementation. Heifers fed CSM and CSM+E supplements had greater (P < 0.01) concentrations of (-)-, (+)-, and total-gossypol in plasma, corpora lutea (CL), liver, and endometrium than heifers fed SBM and SBM+E supplements. Tissue alpha-T concentration increased with increased dietary supplemental vitamin E, particularly in great amounts in the CL. Because there was no adverse effect of gossypol on superovulation response or embryo development despite concentrations of gossypol in endometrium that are toxic to embryos, it is likely that systems exist in the reproductive tract to limit gossypol toxicity. 相似文献
5.
Mukesh Bhakat Tushar K. Mohanty Ashok K. Gupta Virendra S. Raina Biswajit Brahma R. K. Mahapatra M. Sarkar 《Tropical animal health and production》2010,42(7):1363-1366
Effect of Foot and Mouth disease (FMD) vaccination was studied on semen quality parameters of 19 Karan Fries (KF) and eight
Murrah (MU) breeding bulls during the period 2002 to 2004 at Artificial Breeding Complex, NDRI, Karnal. A total of non-vaccinated
155 KF and 72 MU bulls' ejaculates were taken as control, while 169 KF and 51 MU bulls' ejaculates, collected after vaccination,
were used to study the effect of vaccination stress. The results showed that FMD vaccination had no significant (P > 0.05) effect on ejaculate volume and total volume per day of semen in both KF and MU bulls. Volume of semen increased slightly
during post-vaccination period in both the breeds. After FMD vaccination, there was significant (P < 0.01) decrease in mass activity (2.27 ± 0.06 vs. 1.67 ± 0.07 and 2.49 ± 0.09. vs. 1.75 ± 0.10, for KF and MU, respectively),
initial motility (56.89 ± 0.03% vs. 44.62 ± 0.02% and 62.26 ± 0.04% vs. 47.08 ± 0.05%, for KF and MU, respectively), sperm
concentration (754.19 ± 23.96 vs. 554.14 ± 22.95 × 106/ml and 848.61 ± 33.65 vs. 571.57 ± 39.99 × 106/ml, for KF and MU, respectively), and total sperm output per ejaculate (3,685.94 ± 158.40 vs. 2,781.54 ± 151.70 × 106 and 2,218.75 ± 133.14 vs. 1,582.84 ± 158.20 × 106, for KF and MU, respectively). Application of FMD vaccine had significantly (P < 0.05) adverse effect on most of the seminal attributes during post-vaccination in KF and MU buffalo bulls. So, the spermiograms
affected following vaccination suggest that in bovines, the semen collection and preservation should be suspended till normal
fertility of sperm is restored to avoid the failure of conception from artificial insemination using such semen. 相似文献
6.
The effect of feeding aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) (0.5 ppm) was studied in young chicks. The frequency and the severity of gross and microscopic lesions of Marek's disease were significantly higher in those birds which had been vaccinated with turkey herpesvirus (HVI) and birds challenged with Marek's disease virus which had been given AFB1 in the feed than in those given normal feed. The protective efficacy of HVT vaccine, as judged on the basis of gross and histopathological lesions, was 86.1 and 77.3 per cent in normally fed birds in comparison to 37.6 and 8 per cent in AFB1 fed birds. 相似文献
7.
P Chand J R Sadana H V Batra R N Khanna 《Zentralblatt für Veterin?rmedizin. Reihe B. Journal of veterinary medicine. Series B》1989,36(5):346-352
A dot Enzyme-linked Immunosorbent Assay (dot-ELISA), using whole cell Brucella abortus antigen dotted on the nitrocellulose membrane bound to a plastic strip (dipstick) was employed for the detection of Brucella antibodies in bovine sera. The results were compared with that of serum agglutination (SAT), Rose Bengal plate agglutination (RBPT) and Complement Fixation test (CFT). All the four tests gave negative reaction in 127 sera obtained from a brucellosis free herd. Testing of 549 sera from a chronically infected herd revealed 57 positive and 447 negative animals in all the four assays. Of the remaining 45 sera, 34 were positive in dot-ELISA. Six of these cases were independently detected by dot-ELISA while 28 showed positive reactions in combination with other tests. When serum samples from 158 aborted cases were subjected to dot-ELISA, 79 were found positive. Of these dot-ELISA positive cases, 71 gave positive reaction in SAT, 72 in RBPT and 78 in CFT. B. abortus biotype 3 was isolated from 34 of the 98 aborted fetuses examined. 相似文献
8.
9.
This study was attempted to assess the extent of toxicity contributed by Na+ and/or Cl? ions individually, besides their possible additive effects under NaCl using physiological and biochemical parameters. Despite the fact that most annual plants accumulate both Na+ and Cl? under saline conditions and each ion deserves equal considerations, most research has been focused on Na+ toxicity. Consequently, Cl? toxicity mechanisms including its accumulation/exclusion in plants are poorly understood. To address these issues, effects of equimolar (100 mM) concentrations of Na+, Cl? and NaCl (EC ≈ 10 dS m?1) were studied on 15-day-old seedlings of two rice cultivars, Panvel-3 (tolerant) and Sahyadri-3 (sensitive), using in vitro cultures. All three treatments induced substantial reductions in germination rate and plant growth with greater impacts under NaCl than Na+ and Cl? separately. Apparently, salt tolerance of Panvel-3 was due to its ability to exclude Na+ and Cl? from its shoots and maintaining low (<1.0) Na+/K+ ratios. Panvel-3 exhibited better vigour and membrane stability indices coupled with lower reactive oxygen species and lipid peroxidation levels, besides stimulated synthesis of proline, glycine betaine and ascorbic acid. Overall, the magnitude of toxicity was observed in NaCl > Na+ > Cl? manner. Though Cl? was relatively less toxic than its countercation, its effect cannot be totally diminished. 相似文献
10.
Malik YS Chandrashekar KM Sharma K Haq AA Vaid N Chakravarti S Batra M Singh R Pandey AB 《Tropical animal health and production》2011,43(8):1475-1478
The present study describes detection of picobirnavirus (PBV) in faecal samples from bovine and buffalo calves employing the
polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (PAGE). A total of 136 faecal samples from buffalo (n = 122) and cow calves (n = 14) exhibiting clinical signs of diarrhoea and from healthy calves were collected during 2007–2010 from subtropical (central
India) and tarai area of western temperate Himalayan foothills (Uttarakhand). The dsRNA nature of the virus was confirmed
by nuclease treatment (RNase A, RNaseT1 and DNase 1). PAGE results confirmed 3.67% (5/136) positivity for PBV, showing a typical
genomic migration pattern with two discrete bands with size of approximately 2.4 and 1.7 kbps for the larger and smaller segments,
respectively. Among the five PBV samples identified, three were from buffalo calves and one from cow calf exhibiting clinical
signs of acute diarrhoea, while one sample from non-diarrhoeic buffalo calf also showed the presence of PBV. None of the samples
showed dual infection of rotavirus and PBV. The preliminary findings indicate sporadic incidences of PBV in bovine calves
and emphasize the need for the development of better diagnostics for early detection and genetic characterization of these
emerging isolates of farm animals of economic significance. 相似文献