A 13CO2 Enrichment Experiment to Study the Synthesis Pathways of Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids of the Haptophyte Tisochrysis lutea

The production of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) in Tisochrysis lutea was studied using the gradual incorporation of a ¹³C-enriched isotopic marker, ¹³CO₂, for 24 h during the exponential growth of the algae. The ¹³C enrichment of eleven fatty acids was followed to understand the synthetic pathways the most likely to form the essential polyunsaturated fatty acids 20:5n-3 (EPA) and 22:6n-3 (DHA) in T. lutea. The fatty acids 16:0, 18:1n-9 + 18:3n-3, 18:2n-6, and 22:5n-6 were the most enriched in ¹³C. On the contrary, 18:4n-3 and 18:5n-3 were the least enriched in ¹³C after long chain polyunsaturated fatty acids such as 20:5n-3 or 22:5n-3. The algae appeared to use different routes in parallel to form its polyunsaturated fatty acids. The use of the PKS pathway was hypothesized for polyunsaturated fatty acids with n-6 configuration (such as 22:5n-6) but might also exist for n-3 PUFA (especially 20:5n-3). With regard to the conventional n-3 PUFA pathway, Δ6 desaturation of 18:3n-3 appeared to be the most limiting step for T. lutea, “stopping” at the synthesis of 18:4n-3 and 18:5n-3. These two fatty acids were hypothesized to not undergo any further reaction of elongation and desaturation after being formed and were therefore considered “end-products”. To circumvent this limiting synthetic route, Tisochrysis lutea seemed to have developed an alternative route via Δ8 desaturation to produce longer chain fatty acids such as 20:5n-3 and 22:5n-3. 22:6n-3 presented a lower enrichment and appeared to be produced by a combination of different pathways: the conventional n-3 PUFA pathway by desaturation of 22:5n-3, the alternative route of ω-3 desaturase using 22:5n-6 as precursor, and possibly the PKS pathway. In this study, PKS synthesis looked particularly effective for producing long chain polyunsaturated fatty acids. The rate of enrichment of these compounds hypothetically synthesized by PKS is remarkably fast, making undetectable the ¹³C incorporation into their precursors. Finally, we identified a protein cluster gathering PKS sequences of proteins that are hypothesized allowing n-3 PUFA synthesis.     

投喂频率对星斑川鲽幼鱼生长和体组成影响的初步研究

研究了不同投喂频率1次/d、2次/d(周日不投)、2次/d和3次/d对星斑川鲽幼鱼生长、摄食率、饲料利用情况和全鱼及其组织组成的影响。结果表明:随着投喂频率的增加,星斑川鲽幼鱼的增重率、特定生长率和摄食率显著升高,2次/d(周日不投)组增重率和特定生长率显著高于1次/d组(P<0.05),但与2次/d和3次/d组无显著性差异(P>0.05);2次/d(周日不投)组饲料转化率和蛋白质效率稍高于2次/d和3次/d组,但各组之间差异不显著(P>0.05);全鱼水分和粗蛋白含量不受投喂频率的显著影响(P>0.05),全鱼粗脂肪含量2次/d(周日不投)组显著低于2次/d组(P<0.05),全鱼灰分含量1次/d组显著高于2次/d(周日不投)组和3次/d组(P<0.05),其余各组差异不显著(P>0.05);肌肉水分含量随投喂频率增加而显著降低(P<0.05),肌肉粗蛋白和粗脂肪含量与水分含量呈负相关,肌肉灰分含量1次/d组显著高于2次/d组(P<0.05),其余各组无显著性差异(P>0.05);肝脏水分和粗脂肪含量各组之间无显著性差异(P>0.05),肝脏粗蛋白含量1次/d组显著低于其余各组(P<0.05),其余各组之间...     

我国海岸带综合管理的探索性研究

近年来,随着海岸带地区环境恶化、资源破坏、灾害频发和人口剧增,我国海岸带所受到的危害也不断增多。作为一种有效的海洋管理机制,海岸带综合管理日益受到包括我国在内的各国的重视。基于海岸带综合管理的概念及其特征,主要从3个方面阐述了目前我国海岸带综合管理的现状及问题,并据此结合美国的海岸带综合管理经验研究,分析提出了4个方面的对策和建议:有关海岸带管理边界划定的建议;有关我国海岸带管理协调机制的建议;有关我国海岸带管理立法的建议;有关公众参与的建议。     

珍味贝丝的研制报告

本试验利用扇贝加工时大量废弃的裙边,制作调味焙烤品珍味贝丝,经1％冰醋酸软化处理15s,150℃焙烤6min,较好地解决了艮韧问题,并对工艺路线和主要工艺参数进行了选择。制品档次较高,保质期达6个月以上。     

鱿鱼类资源量变化与海洋环境关系的研究进展

近几十年随着传统渔业资源量的下降,短生命周期的鱿鱼类产量出现持续增加,并已成为重要的渔获对象。由于鱿鱼类为短生命周期鱼类,对环境变化极为敏感,这一特点使得传统基于种群动力和生物学过程的资源量评估模型并不能很好地估算其资源量,为了了解环境因子和鱿鱼类资源量变化的关系,从研究方法和内容上对其研究现状进行了回顾,目前的研究已经能够在一定程度上解释环境因子对鱿鱼类资源量变化的影响机制,但是还不能完全利用环境变量来预测资源量的变化;本文还归纳了主要经济鱿鱼类栖息环境的特点,以及环境因子对其生活史各个阶段(孵化、仔稚鱼、成鱼和产卵)和资源补充量的影响,总结了目前研究遇到的问题和不足,并提出了今后研究重点应放在环境因子如何影响鱿鱼类生活史阶段中的孵化到仔稚鱼过程,从而能够提高对鱿鱼类补充量大小的估测精度,为其资源评估的进一步发展提供全面的理论基础。     

Risk factors influencing death prior to discharge in 302 dogs undergoing unilateral adrenalectomy for treatment of primary adrenal gland tumours

Adrenalectomies for canine adrenal tumours are associated with peri-operative morbidity and mortality. Objectives of this study included assessing the prognostic value of tumour- or surgery-related variables in predicting peri-operative mortality and overall survival in dogs undergoing adrenalectomies for primary adrenal tumours as well as pre-treatment with phenoxybenzamine on survival to discharge with pheochromocytomas specifically. A multi-institutional retrospective cohort study was performed across nine institutions. Electronic medical record searches identified 302 dogs which met the inclusion criteria. Data collected included dog-related, tumour-related, treatment-related, surgery-related, and outcome variables. Univariate and multivariable logistic regression and cox proportional hazards models were used to identify variables associated with death prior to discharge and tumour-related survival. Overall, 87% of dogs survived to discharge with a tumour-related survival time of 3.96 years. Post-operative complications were reported in 25%. Increased surgical time (p = 0.002) and pre-surgical medical treatment other than phenoxybenzamine (p = 0.024) were significantly associated with increased peri-operative mortality while ureteronephrectomy (p = 0.021), post-operative pancreatitis (p = 0.025), and post-operative aspiration pneumonia (p < 0.001) were significantly associated with decreased overall survival. Phenoxybenzamine pretreatment had no effect on peri-operative mortality. Thirty-seven of 45 (82%) dogs with pheochromocytomas not pretreated survived to discharge, and 50 of 59 (85%) dogs with pheochromocytomas pretreated with phenoxybenzamine survived to discharge (p = 0.730). This study provides information on risk factors for death prior to discharge and tumour-related survival that may help guide clinical management and owner expectations. In addition, the study findings challenge the previously reported benefit of phenoxybenzamine for pretreatment of dogs undergoing adrenalectomies for pheochromocytomas.     

In vitro modulation of reactive oxygen and nitrogen intermediate (ROI/RNI) production in Crassostrea gigas hemocytes

Bivalve hemocyte competence has been measured by quantifying functional characteristics, including reactive oxygen intermediate (ROI) production after activation with zymosan or phorbol myristate acetate (PMA). However, untreated oyster hemocytes also produce ROI and RNI (reactive nitrogen intermediates) after bleeding even if not stimulated by zymosan or PMA. Extensive investigation of this parameter by flow cytometry showed that, in vitro, ROI/RNI production by untreated hemocytes maintained in seawater appeared to be independent of both bacterial burden in the serum and non-self particle phagocytosis. ROI/RNI production in granulocytes was higher than in hyalinocytes and could be intensified when activated by zymosan but not by PMA. Both cell types used NADPH-oxidase- and NO-synthase-like pathways to produce these molecules; the NO-synthase pathway seemed relatively more dominant in hyalinocytes and NADPH-oxidase appeared more effective in granulocytes. These results provide new insights for interpreting the modulation of ROI/RNI production by untreated hemocytes shown by other studies, relative to environmental conditions or physiological status of the oysters.     

Towards the development of a standardized method to monitor lakeshore hydromorphological restoration measures

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Non‐spherical pearl layers in the Polynesian ‘black‐lipped’ Pinctada margaritifera: The non‐nacreous deposits compared to microstructure of the shell growing edge

Cultivated pearls frequently exhibit morphological irregularities making obvious that mineral deposition was irregularly distributed onto nucleus surface. Taking advantage of experimental cultivations with short durations (from 10 days to few months), these irregular deposits predating occurrence of the nacre were investigated in Polynesian pearls by biochemical characterizations and a series of physical methods. Diversity in the resulting data suggests that various in‐depth alterations of the biomineralization mechanism may have occurred during the grafting process, leading to diversity in the biochemical pathways to nacreous deposition. This allows a precise discussion of current views about pearl formation. The “reversed shell theory” is formally disproved through point to point comparison with development of the shell growing edge. Similarity of pearl formation with “regeneration” or “shell repair” is also discussed, emphasizing the differences between these concepts.