Multiple resistance in Trichostrongylus and Teladorsagia (Ostertagia) in goats to oxfendazole,levamisole and moxidectin,and ineffi cacy of trichlorphon

Extract

We wish to report the identification, from a flock of commercially-traded goats, of nematode worms that we have been unable to kill using the anthelmintic groups currently registered for use in sheep in New Zealand.     

Anthelmintic resistance and management of nematode parasites on beef cattle-rearing farms in the North Island of New Zealand

AIM: To provide information on current farmers’ opinions and farming practices thought to be related to anthelmintic resistance, and to test for associations between the presence of anthelmintic resistance and management practices on beef cattle- rearing farms in the North Island of New Zealand.

METHODS: A study using an interview-based questionnaire about management of internal parasites was conducted on 62 beef cattle-rearing farms in the North Island of New Zealand, using case-control analyses to test for associations between management practices and the presence or absence of resistance to ivermectin or albendazole. Resistance was inferred from faecal nematode egg count (FEC) reduction (FECR) tests (FECRTs) when there was <90% reduction in FEC 7-10 days after treatment of calves <12 months of age.

RESULTS: Of the 59 farmers who completed the questionnaire, most (n=40) ranked parasites highly, and at about the same level as quality and quantity of feed, as important production-limiting factors for their enterprises. In contrast, anthelmintic resistance was not perceived to be a problem on 13 farms, and its importance was rated low on 24, moderate on 15, and high on only six farms. Despite all farms having planned parasite control programmes, there was heavy reliance on clinical signs of parasitism to determine frequency of treatments. About one in three farmers with beef breeder cows routinely treated their calves at marking, one in five treated mixed-age cows, and almost half treated rising 2-year-old cows before calving. One in four farmers used anthelmintics on calves on 8–12 occasions in their first year of life. Co-grazing with other species was rare, but follow-on grazing within 3 months after older cattle or sheep was common. On most farms, grazing cattle was restricted to part of the farm, a finding with implications for parasite control and persistence of larvae in refugia. Macrocyclic lactone (ML) anthelmintics or their combinations with other action families were currently, and for the past 5 years, used more frequently than benzimidazoles and levamisole, and benzimidazole-levami- sole combinations. The prevalence of resistance to ivermectin was high (82%) and no plausible model of associations could be constructed from the data. The prevalence of resistance to albendazole was 60%, and the risk of resistance increased as the number of rising 1-year-old cattle present mid-winter increased, and decreased as the number of breeding cows >2 years old present mid-winter increased.

CONCLUSION: It is clear that in practice anthelmintic resistance is a secondary consideration to obtaining productivity advantages from the use of anthelmintics in beef cattle. Farmers’ opinions were divided on many issues and the overall impres- sion was of confused and diverse thinking regarding the principles of the use of anthelmintics. The overall outlook regarding anthelmintic resistance in cattle is bleak unless the need for integrated and long-term research activities is acted upon soon.     

宫内生长迟缓仔猪T细胞的发育研究

研究旨在探讨从出生到断奶不同日龄宫内生长迟缓(IUGR)猪T细胞的发育变化情况。选用体重相近和配种期相同的达兰初产妊娠母猪30头,分娩时从每窝仔猪中挑选1头正常体重猪和1头IUGR猪,分别在1、7、14、21、28日龄时屠宰取胸腺,分离T细胞,通过流式细胞仪测定CD3、CD4、CD8T细胞的数量,每个日龄6个重复。结果表明:出生后第1天IUGR仔猪与正常仔猪的CD4+CD8+细胞(双阳性T细胞)占总T细胞的百分比差异显著(P<0.05);出生后第7天IUGR仔猪与正常仔猪的CD4细胞占总T细胞的百分比差异极显著(P<0.01);后期各细胞亚群之间没有差异。结果提示,子宫内各种因素的综合影响能造成出生后早期IUGR仔猪T细胞亚群发育不完善,这就从T细胞亚群的发育方面解释了IUGR仔猪免疫力低的原因。     

Prevalence of anthelmintic resistance on sheep farms in New Zealand

AIM: To establish the prevalence of anthelmintic resistance in parasitic nematodes on sheep farms in New Zealand.

METHODS: A cross-sectional prevalence study was conducted, using a standardised faecal nematode egg count (FEC) reduction (FECR) test (FECRT) for ivermectin, at a full (0.2 mg/kg) and half (0.1 mg/kg) dose rate, and albendazole, levamisole and albendazole-levamisole in combination, on 60 lambs (n=10 per group) on farms selected from throughout New Zealand. Farms that conformed with selection criteria were chosen at random (n=80) or with a history of suspected resistance to macrocy- clic lactone (ML) anthelmintics (n=32). Resistance to an an- thelmintic was inferred when there was <95% reduction in FEC 7-10 days after treatment. Larval cultures were performed for all control groups and for treated groups for which resistance was evident.

RESULTS: Of the farms randomly selected, 36% showed ≥95% FECR for all anthelmintics tested; resistance to ivermectin at 0.1 and 0.2 mg/kg liveweight was evident on 36% and 25% of these farms, respectively. Resistance to both ivermectin (0.2 mg/kg) and levamisole was evident on 8/80 (10%) farms, to ivermectin and albendazole on 10/80 (13%) farms, and to iver- mectin, levamisole and albendazole on 6/80 (8%) farms. The prevalence of resistance to a half dose of ivermectin tended to be more prevalent on farms with a history of suspected ML resistance (p=0.06). Resistance to albendazole was seen across all the main parasite genera, and to levamisole in Nematodirus, Ostertagia (= Teladorsagia) and Trichostrongylus species. Resistance to ivermectin was dominated by Ostertagia spp, although Cooperia, Nematodirus and Trichostrongylus species were also implicated.

CONCLUSION: Anthelmintic resistance in parasitic nema-todes of sheep is common in New Zealand. Not only was resistance to albendazole and levamisole common, but resistance to the ML, ivermectin, was at a higher prevalence than expected. Sheep farmers and advisors in New Zealand need to re-evaluate the way they manage parasites, and more research is urgently needed if the steady decline in anthelmintic susceptibility is to be halted.     

Correlation between Chemical Structure and Biological Activity of Host-Selective Plant Pathogen Mycotoxins

Toxin, one of the most important factors of plant fungal disease, has attracted much attention of many academicians who have been studying pathogen mycotoxin in deep research. The paper summarized chemical structures of some host-selective plant pathogen mycotoxins discovered in recent years and the correlation between biological activity and chemical structure of toxin.     

Solar flare acceleration of solar wind: influence of active region magnetic field

The direction of the photospheric magnetic field at the site of a solar flare is a good predictor of whether the flare will accelerate solar wind plasma. If the field has a southward component, high-speed solar wind plasma is usually observed near the earth about 4 days later. If the field has a northward component, such high-speed solar wind is almost never observed. Southward-field flares may then be expected to have much larger terrestrial effects than northward flares.     

长江口沿岸碎波带刀鲚仔稚鱼的数量分布

2007年5-10月,每月大潮期间在长江口沿岸碎波带13个站位用小型拖网各采样1次.195次拖网共采获刀鲚(Coilia nasus)仔稚鱼9 358尾,体长范围为3.0～61.2mm,优势体长为6.0～25.0 mm,以10.0～16.0 mm的弯曲期和13.0～21.0 mm的后弯曲期仔鱼为主.采获数量以7月最高,占总数55.0%,主要分布在长江口南支和北支上游,有3个站位(St.5、St.7、St.10)数量较高.其中有1个站位(St.7)刀鲚仔鱼的平均体长按月呈递增趋势,表明刀鲚仔稚鱼有利用沿岸碎波带作为早期生长场所的习性.根据刀鲚仔稚鱼在长江口沿岸碎波带分布和数量变动的调查结果,结合目前刀鲚成鱼资源量贫乏的现状,建议有关部门限制鳗苗定置网等作业,并加强对沿岸碎波带保育场的保护.     

A survey of anthelmintic resistance on ten goat farms in the Manawatu region in 1988

A survey of anthelmintic resistance on ten goat farms was carried out. The criterion for resistance was a faecal egg count reduction (FECR) of <90 percent based on arithmetic means of 11 to 19 goats per group. It was found that nine of the ten farms harboured nematodes resistant to oxfendazole when used at 5mg/kg although on two of these, the FECR's were 89.2 percent and 89.8 percent. Post treatment larval cultures indicated Haemonchus, Ostertagia and Trichostrongylus were the resistant genera involved. On none of the ten farms was resistance to oral ivermectin at 0.2mg/kg detected.