Fructose 1,6-biphosphate aldolase in the sera of Simmental young bulls Connection with the fattening capacity, muscle quantity and protein content

SUMMARY: The activity of enzyme aldolase (ALD) was determined in the sera of Simmental young bulls, with the purpose to see whether there exists a relationship between the enzyme activity and fattening capacity and whether the ALD could be an indicator of the muscle quantity and protein content. Early ALD activity was correlated with slaughter weight and ADG in the last fattening month. The regression analysis suggests that young bulls with higher serum ALD acitivity at the start of the experiment had more total muscles and less bone in the analysed rib part. On the basis of ALD activity in the first fattening month it was possible to estimate protein and fat content in the MLD. ZUSAMMENFASSUNG: Fructose-1,6-biphosphat Aldolase beim Serum Simmentaler Jungbullen. Beziehung zwischen Mastf?higkeit, Muskelmenge und Proteingehalt Aldolase (ALD) Enzymt?tigkeit im Serum von Simmentaler Jungbullen wurden in Hinblick auf eine Beziehung mit Mastf?higkeit, Muskelmenge und Proteingehalt untersucht. Es zeigt sich eine Korrelation zwischen früher ALD Aktivit?t und Schlachtgewicht und Tageszuwachs im Endmastmonat. Regressionsanalyse ergab, da? Jungbullen mit h?herer ALD Aktivit?t bei Mastbeginn mehr Muskelanteil im m. longissimus dorsi und weniger Knochen besitzen. ALD Aktivit?t im ersten Mastmonat erlaubt Sch?tzung des Protein- und Fettgehalts im m. long, dorsi. RESUMEN: Fructosa 1,6-bifosfato aldolasa en el suero de los terneros simentales. Relatión con sus capacidades de ser cebados, su cantidad de músculos y el contenido de proteínas Con el fin de establecer la relación entre la actividad de enzimas y las capacidades durante el proceso de la ceba, asf como para precisar si el ALD puede servir como indicador de la cantidad de músculos y el contenido de proteinas, intentaba determinarse la actividad de los enzimas de aldolasa (ALD) en el suero de los terneros simentales. A base de la actividad indicial del ALD, es posible estimar el peso final de matadero y la crecencia diaria media durante el último mes de la ceba. Tras una análisis regresiva se ha probado que los terneros con una actividad mayor del ALD en el suero a principios del proceso de su ceba tienen más músculos en total en la parte de costillas y m. longissimus dorsi mientras que tienen menos huesos. A base de la actividad del ALD durante el primer mes de la ceba es posible estimar el contenido de proteinas y grasa en m. long, dorsi. RéSUMé: Fructose 1.6-biphosphate aldolase dans le sérum des taurillons de Simmental. Le rapport entre l'aptitude à l'angraissement, la proportion des muscles et la teneur en protéines On a déterminé l'activité de l'enzyme aldolase (ALD) dans le sérum des taurillons de Simmental afin de vérifier s'il existait un rapport entre l'activité des enzymes et l'aptitude à l'engraissement et si l'ALD pouvait être indicatrice de la proportion de muscles et de la teneur en protéines. A la base de l'activité initiale de l'ALD, il est possible d'évaluer le poids de la carcasse et le gain quotidien moyen au cours du dernier mois d'engrais. Par analyse régressive, il a été établi que les taurillons à l'activité supérieure de l'ALD dans le sérum avaient au début de l'engrais plus de muscles au total dans la région costale et le m. longissimus dorsi et moins d'os. A la base de l'activité de l'ALD au cours du premier mois d'engrais il est possible d'évaluer la teneur en protéines et en graisse dans le muscle longissimus dorsi.     

Concepts and Direction of Induced Systemic Resistance in Plants and its Application

Resistance to plant disease is often specific and metabolites and receptors contributing to this specificity may have specific structures. However, simple, structurally-unrelated compounds induce systemic resistance in unrelated plants to diverse pathogens including fungi, bacteria and viruses. Both resistance and induced systemic resistance (ISR) are associated with the rapid accumulation of the same structurally unrelated putative defense compounds that have diverse functions. It has been suggested that cultivar (race)-specific resistance is initiated by the specific interaction of a pathogen product (or pathogen induced product) and a plant receptor. However, restricted infection by pathogens can result in ISR and many different compounds can cause ISR. It is thus evident that there are both specific and non-specific routes to the master switch for ISR and there may be more than one master switch. Are reactive oxygen species and free radicals regulating the master switch(es) via both routes? It is also evident there are many switches, other than the master switch. Adding to the complexity of resistance and ISR are the observations that different compounds and pathways may mediate different biochemical resistances. Activation of one of the pathways may antagonize or enhance the activation or effectiveness of another. The review will address these complexities and questions and propose directions of research which require high priority. Factors which encourage and suppress the application of ISR in agriculture will also be addressed.     

Comparison of a commercial ELISA with the modified agglutination test for the detection of Toxoplasma gondii infection in naturally exposed sheep

Surprisingly few commercial ELISAs are available for the detection of Toxoplasma gondii infection in animals, and none for use in sheep have been evaluated. We thus compared the Bommeli Diagnostics ELISA Toxotest for the detection of T. gondii antibodies in ruminants with the reference modified agglutination test (MAT) in a series of 180 sheep sera. ELISA results were analysed at two cut-off levels (30%, comprising both weakly positive and positive results, and 100%, comprising only positive results), and compared with MAT at three cut-off levels (titre of 1 : 25, 1 : 50 and 1 : 100). The results showed a moderate agreement of ELISA at both cut-offs (kappa = 0.46 and 0.51) with MAT at a cut-off titre of 1 : 100. However, the specificity and positive predictive value were above 95% only at an ELISA cut-off of 100%, indicating its potential as a diagnostic test, particularly in areas with a high prevalence of infection. On the other hand, lower sensitivity and negative predictive value limit its value as a screening test. Thus, the ELISA Toxotest may be used for quick diagnosis of T. gondii infection in sheep in the field, i.e. for the differential diagnosis of ovine abortion storms.     

采用碳水足迹评价中国与哈萨克斯坦大豆机械化生产模式

农业生产已进入机械化生产时代,定量评价作物机械化生产的环境影响、水资源消耗、生产效率等已成为迫切需要解决的问题。该研究以中国黑龙江垦区和哈萨克斯坦阿拉木图州的大豆机械化生产模式为例,从碳足迹、水足迹和产量3个方面对大豆的机械化进行分析与评价生产模式。研究结果表明:中国黑龙江垦区下属嫩江农场大豆机械化生产的碳足迹、水足迹和大豆产量分别为0.51 kg/kg、1.82 m3/hm2和2 875 kg/hm2,哈萨克斯坦阿拉木图州阿曼格迪农场分别为0.52 kg/kg、2.76 m3/hm2和2 000 kg/hm2。相较于嫩江农场,阿曼格迪农场大豆机械化生产的碳足迹高2.08%,水足迹高51.83%,大豆产量低30.43%。因此,阿曼格迪农场未来大豆机械化生产需以节水增产为重要发展目标。结合实际生产情况,更新与配套大豆机械化生产的各类农机具、推广节水灌溉技术、建立大豆机械化生产作业规范,有助于提升哈萨克斯坦大豆机械化生产水平。该研究可为多角度评价不同区域作物机械化生产模式提供案例参考。     

关于中国农业工程类专业建设和人才培养的若干思考

新时代全面推进乡村振兴和加快农业农村现代化赋予了农业工程新的职责和使命,提供了更加广阔的天地和发展机遇。大学面临着科技发展的新挑战、社会发展的新要求和人才需求的新变化,未来的教育将更加开放、适合、人本、平等、可持续。农业工程教育面临前所未有的挑战和机遇,迫切需要我们思考应如何培养高度智能化的未来农业的创造者、引领者和支撑者;思考如何聚焦本学科专业,坚守农业工程主体地位,使学科专业形成螺旋式上升的良性循环。该文分析了国际农业工程学科专业的发展,表明国际农业工程人才培养已凸显农业、工程、生物、信息的交叉,交叉融合的核心课程体系已成为专业学生不可替代性的标签。该文认为,强化本专业学生的不可替代性是强化学科专业主体地位和推动学科专业声誉形成螺旋式上升良性循环的关键所在,建议通过4个转变(从注重知识本位向提升素养本位转变,从专业教育向专业+通识教育并重转变,从高度专业化培养向宽专交融合转变和从偏重职业技能向注重全面成长转变),推动"新农业工程"的建设。     

Starch characterization and ethanol production of sorghum

This study aimed to characterize and compare the chemical structures, physical properties, and enzymatic hydrolysis rates of five sorghum starches (6B73, 6C21, 6C69, 7R34, and X789) with that of corn starch (B73). Sorghum kernels consisted of 68.7-70.6% starch, more than the B73 corn (67.4%). Sorghum starches displayed higher gelatinization temperatures (66.6-67.4 °C), greater gelatinization enthalpy changes (13.0-14.0 J/g), and greater percentages of retrogradation (60.7-69.1%), but slower enzymatic hydrolysis rates (83.8-87.8% at 48 h) than the B73 corn starch (61.7 °C, 10.1 J/g, 51.5%, and 88.5%, respectively). These differences could result from the sorghum amylopectins consisting of fewer short branch chains (DP 6-12) (12.8-14.0%) than the corn amylopectin (15.0%). The sorghum starches showed greater peak and breakdown viscosities but lower setback viscosities than the B73 corn starch, resulting from the lower amylose content of the sorghum starches. After 96 h of fermentation, most ground sorghums exhibited lower ethanol yields (30.5-31.8%) than the ground B73 corn (31.8%).     

The Characterization of Heavy Metals in the Grapevine (Vitis vinifera) Cultivar Rkatsiteli and Wild Blackberry (Rubus fruticosus) from East Serbia by ICP-OES and BAFs

Inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectroscopy, in combination with calculation of various biological factors, was used in this study not only for a simple illustration of the present status of some essential and non-essential metals such as copper (Cu), zinc (Zn), nickel (Ni), lead (Pb), arsenic (As), and cadmium (Cd) in the grapevine cultivar Rkatsiteli and wild blackberry from East Serbia but also for the estimation of plant bioaccumulation potentials. Great majority of detected metal concentrations were in normal ranges except in few cases: Zn concentrations were at the level of deficiency in almost all plant parts, and some Cu and As concentrations were at the levels that could be considered phytotoxic. Biological accumulation factors provided very informative data on metal accumulation and translocation in both plants and pointed to low accumulation rates of metals except in the case of Cu, Zn, and As in some wild blackberry tissues.     

高寒草甸土壤微生物功能多样性对氮肥添加的响应

采用Biolog-ECO生态板法研究了4个施N水平[0 g/m²（CK）,10 g/m²（N₁₀）,20 g/m²（N₂₀）,30 g/m²（N₃₀）]下土壤理化性质和微生物功能多样性的变化规律。结果表明:中高水平氮肥添加显著增加了速效氮、速效磷含量和根土比,但降低了土壤含水量。施N肥0-10 cm土层平均颜色变化率降低,而10-20 cm土层则被提高,且N₂₀最大。施N肥后降低了0-10 cm土层土壤微生物Shannon-Wiener指数、Pielou指数和McIntosh指数,但10-20 cm土层则被提高。PCA分析表明,施N肥改变了土壤微生物代谢功能类型,糖类、氨基酸、酸类是土壤微生物主要利用的碳源类型。RDA分析表明,在0-10 cm土层,土壤含水量和全氮是影响土壤微生物功能多样性的主要因子,而10-20 cm土层主要受土壤含水量和速效磷的影响。综上,施N肥增加了土壤的有效养分含量,进而改变土壤微生物功能多样性、碳源利用能力和数量。     

不同干燥方式下叶蛋白-辣椒素微胶囊理化特性研究

含有丰富蛋白资源的辣椒叶长期作为农业废弃物被掩埋和焚烧造成了严重的环境污染与资源浪费,同时辣椒素作为优质的天然生物抗菌物质因强烈的刺激性气味限制了其开发与应用.基于微胶囊技术方法以植物辣椒叶中提取的蛋白质为壁材,辣椒素为芯材,采用喷雾干燥和真空冷冻干燥法制备了叶蛋白辣椒素微胶囊,并利用扫描电子显微镜、X射线衍射仪、傅里...