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排序方式: 共有218条查询结果,搜索用时 15 毫秒
1.
Longitudinal analysis of allergen‐specific IgE and IgG subclasses as potential predictors of insect bite hypersensitivity following first exposure to Culicoides in Icelandic horses 下载免费PDF全文
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Volatile compounds of selected strawberry varieties analyzed by purge-and-trap headspace GC-MS 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Hakala MA Lapveteläinen AT Kallio HP 《Journal of agricultural and food chemistry》2002,50(5):1133-1142
Six strawberry (Fragaria x ananassa Duch.) varieties, Senga Sengana, Jonsok, Polka, Korona, Bounty, and Honeoye, were studied in relation to composition of their volatile headspace compounds collected by dynamic purge-and-trap concentration. Also, the influence of cultivation technique on the volatile compounds was tested by comparing conventionally and organically cultivated strawberry varieties. In addition, the effect of geographical origin on strawberry volatiles was investigated. The emphasis of this study was lay in the industrial utilization of strawberry. A total of 52 different volatile compounds were determined from frozen strawberries grown in 1997 and 1998. In addition to individual compounds, total areas of chromatogram profiles were compared. The major esters were found to be methyl butanoate, ethyl butanoate, methyl hexanoate, and ethyl hexanoate. With the application of principal component analysis and analysis of variance to the data matrix, the varieties were classified into three groups. Var. Honeoye was most different from the others. Organic cultivation had no effect on strawberry volatiles. 相似文献
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Digestates vary in composition and studies regarding their impact on C and N dynamics in soils are scarce. The objective was to analyse the C and N dynamics of digestates originating from various substrates applied to a sandy Cambisol and a silty Anthrosol. In three laboratory experiments (4–6 weeks), the effects of digestate properties, N rate and water content were tested. Averaged over both soils, 21% of the C supplied was emitted as CO2. Potential NH3 emissions during the first week ranged between 6% and 12% of NH4+ present in the digestates. The emission factors in the sandy Cambisol were on average 1.2 and 2 times higher for CO2 and potential NH3, respectively, compared to the silty Anthrosol. Similarly, net nitrogen mineralization in the sandy Cambisol was approximately twice the N mineralized in the silty Anthrosol. Net nitrification was not influenced by soil texture or different digestates, but increased with increasing application rates and had highest values at 75% of water holding capacity. Our results indicate that the type of substrate input for anaerobic digestion influences the properties of the digestate and therefore the dynamics of C and N. However, soil texture can affect these dynamics markedly. 相似文献
5.
Henry Jrgensen Anja Serena Mette S. Hedemann Knud Erik Bach Knudsen 《Livestock Science》2007,109(1-3):111-114
Adult sows have a more developed gastro-intestinal system than young growing pigs resulting in a superior capacity to digest fibrous components. The main objective of this study was to describe the capacity of sows and growing pigs to digest the fibre components in concentrated low dietary fibre (DF) diet and two high DF diets similar in DF but with contrasting DF solubility. Six sows and four growing pigs were fitted with a simple T-cannula at the terminal ileum. Each balance experiment consisted of a 7-day initial period followed by a 3-day collection of faeces and a 2 or 3-day collection of ileal digesta for growing pigs and adult sows, respectively. When feeding diets with high proportions of soluble non-starch polysaccharides (NSP), the difference in fermentation capacity between growing pigs and adult sows was small. The adult sows showed a higher fermentative capacity, evidenced by a higher fermentation and a higher methane production, when high fibre diet with high amount of insoluble fibre was fed. 相似文献
6.
Biochar amendments to soils have been suggested as a strategy to sequester carbon and therefore mitigate global climate change. The enrichment of soils with charred materials also increases their fertility. This fertilising effect of biochar may be caused by various mechanisms; an acceleration of nutrient cycling has been suggested as one such mechanism. The rate-limiting step in nutrient cycling is thought to be the extracellular enzymatic attack on biological macromolecules. In this study, therefore, the effects of chestnut wood char (specific surface area 2.0 m2 g−1) and of activated carbon (specific surface area approximately 900 m2 g−1) on an extracellular enzymatic reaction involved in the degradation of cellulose (i.e., hydrolysis of cellobiose by β-glucosidase from Aspergillus niger) were investigated. Cellobiose was not adsorbed by chestnut wood char, whereas activated carbon absorbed more than 97% of it. Both charred materials adsorbed more than 99% of β-glucosidase. For chestnut wood char, adsorption of the enzyme caused a decrease of approximately 30% in the reaction rate, whereas for activated carbon, the nearly complete absorption of both substrate and enzyme entirely inhibited the reaction. These results show that β-glucosidase from A. niger retains most of its activity when adsorbed to chestnut wood char and that the reaction it catalyses in nature is only slightly affected by this charred material. On the other hand, a material characterised by a high specific surface area and high porosity, such as activated carbon, can make even a highly soluble substrate unavailable for soil enzymes and therefore completely inhibit the reaction. Thus, charred materials may affect nutrient cycling mainly by regulating the availability of substrates: the degradation of highly soluble substrates may be accelerated by materials with low specific surface area, which maintain an active and protected enzyme pool, whereas materials with high specific surface and high porosity may slow down the degradation by making substrates unavailable. 相似文献
7.
Tuija Pehkonen Janne Koskimki Kaisu Riihinen Anna Maria Pirttil Anja Hohtola Laura Jaakola Anne Tolvanen 《Physiological and Molecular Plant Pathology》2008,72(4-6):146-150
An inoculation method for Exobasidium splendidum and Exobasidium vaccinii was developed on the dwarf shrub Vaccinium vitis-idaea. Using inoculated ramets, we investigated whether there are differences between V. vitis-idaea populations in the susceptibility to Exobasidium infections and whether the defence reaction of V. vitis-idaea is visible at a molecular level. Sixteen V. vitis-idaea clones from four populations were propagated in tissue cultures and the ramets were inoculated with E. splendidum or E. vaccinii fungi. The expression of three flavonoid biosynthetic genes (chalcone synthase, dihydroflavonol 4-reductase and anthocyanidin synthase) and the accumulation of flavonoids and hydroxycinnamic acids were determined in response to E. splendidum infection. A pathogenesis-related (PR 4) gene was isolated and its expression was studied in host ramet leaves. To our knowledge, this was the first successful artificial infection reported with E. splendidum. Disease frequencies of the inoculated ramets were between 32% and 47% for E. splendidum and 33% for E. vaccinii, but below 10% in uninoculated control ramets. There were no differences in disease frequencies between V. vitis-idaea populations. Both symptomatic leaves and healthy leaves of diseased ramets showed activation of flavonoid biosynthesis at the gene level, whereas expression of PR 4 was observed only in symptomatic leaves. The increase of flavonoid biosynthesis in healthy leaves of diseased ramets may represent a general response to stress or a role in defence against the pathogen E. splendidium. Ability of V. vitis-idaea to defend chemically against Exobasidium fungi and the heterogeneity of genotypes, age, size, and growth rates in host plant populations might be reasons for the low infection incidence of Exobasidia in nature. 相似文献
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Ahmed Ibrahem I. Badawy Kathleen Lutz Anja Taubert Horst Zahner Carlos Hermosilla 《Veterinary research communications》2010,34(2):103-118
Host immune responses conducted against antigens of Eimeria bovis are key factors for the development of protective immunity against this protozoan disease. In this study we investigated
the expression of E. bovis-derived antigens on the host cell surface membrane during E. bovis first merogony in vitro. Host cells carrying E. bovis-meront I stages expressed E. bovis host cell surface antigens (EbHCSAg) on their surface membrane which were recognised by hyperimmune sera of calves and by
sera from rats immunized with E. bovis merozoites I, when tested by indirect immune fluorescent antibody test (IIFAT), laser scanning confocal microscopy (LSCM)
and immune electron microscopy. Expression of EbHCSAg on permissive host cells was earliest detected 7 days p. i., thus coinciding
with the onset of the parasite replication. Membrane-associated EbHCSAg were removed from infected host cells by proteinase
K, partially by Triton X-100, Triton X-114 and Triton X-405, but not by 1 M NaCl, CHAPS or phospholipase C treatment. Antibodies,
affinity-purified on paraformaldehyde/glutardialdehyde (PAGA)-fixed E. bovis meront I-infected bovine host cells bound to the surface meront I-carrying cells and to merozoites I (IIFAT, LSCM) but, in
contrast to untreated sera, not to sporozoites. When tested on methanol-fixed merozoites I and sporozoites by IIFAT, affinity-purified
antibodies bound to structures in the apical complex area of merozoites I, but not to sporozoites, whilst untreated sera caused
diffuse labelling of internal structures of both parasite stages. Immune electron microscopy demonstrated binding of affinity-purified
antibodies to micronemes and dense granules of merozoites I. Although the function of EbHCSAg is still unknown, results of
this study might suggest an involvement in the development of protective immunity against E. bovis infections. 相似文献
10.
Most palms used in agroforestry systems are exploited from wild stands or are only occasionally cultivated, while only a few
palms have been domesticated. In this study we investigated how socio-economic factors and people's perceptions of changes
in palm use and availability, influenced palm cultivation among indigenous Shuar and mestizo settlers in south-eastern Ecuador.
We also looked at how different uses of palms influenced which species they cultivated. Our results showed that perceptions
of declining palm availability in combination with heavy reliance on palm products was positively related to palm cultivation.
Hence, cultivation was more common in more remote villages where alternative products were hard to get. In addition, palm
cultivation was more common among wealthier people and among indigenous people than among recent settlers. This points to
a limiting role of assets such as land and to the importance of history and culture with regard to cultivation. It was not
possible to identify any single palm use as the primary reason for cultivating a species, but the more uses a species had,
the more likely it was to be cultivated. These findings have important implications for development projects that promote
cultivation of palms and other long-lived tree crops. They illustrate how market access and lack of necessary assets may undermine
cultivation of native species even though these are regarded as important resources. 相似文献