Genotypic analysis of virulence genes and antimicrobial profile of diarrheagenic <Emphasis Type="Italic">Escherichia coli</Emphasis> isolated from diseased lambs in Iran

The aim of the present study was to determine the analysis of virulence genes and antimicrobial profile of diarrheagenic Escherichia coli isolated from diseased lambs. Two hundred ninety E. coli isolates were recovered from 300 rectal swabs of diarrheic lambs and were confirmed by biochemical tests. The pathotype determination was done according to the presence of genes including f5, f41, LTI, STI, bfp, ipaH, stx ₁ , stx ₂ , eae, ehlyA, cnf ₁ , cnf ₂ , cdIII, cdIV, and f17 by PCR method. Sixty-six isolates (23.72%) possessed the STI gene and categorized into entrotoxigenic E. coli (ETEC). Nine isolates (3.1%) and five isolates (1.72%) were positive for the cnf1 and cnf2 genes which categorized into necrotoxic E. coli (NTEC). Hundred and seventeen isolates (40.34%) harbored stx ₁ and/or stx ₂ and classified as Shiga toxin-producing E. coli (STEC). Thirteen isolates (4.48%) were assigned to atypical entropathogenic E. coli (aEPEC) and possessed eae gene. Two isolates (0.68%) were positive for ipaH gene and were assigned to entroinvasive E. coli (EIEC). Statistical analysis showed a specific association between eae gene and STEC pathotype (P?<?0.0001). The most prevalent resistance was observed against lincomycin (96.5%) and the lowest resistance was against kanamycine (56.02%), respectively. The high prevalence of STEC and ETEC indicates that diarrheic lambs represent an important reservoir for humans. ETEC may play an important role for frequent occurrence of diarrhea in lambs observed in this region. Due to high antibiotic resistance, appropriate control should be implemented in veterinary medicine to curb the development of novel resistant isolates.     

Effects of different sources of carbohydrates on intake,digestibility, chewing,and performance of Holstein dairy cows

To investigate the effects of different sources of carbohydrates on intake, digestibility, chewing, and performance, nine lactating Holstein dairy cows (day in milk= 100±21 d; body weight=645.7 ± 26.5 kg) were allotted to a 3 × 3 Latin square design at three 23-d periods. The three treatments included 34.91% (B), 18.87% (BC), and 18.86% (BB) barley that in treatment B was partially replaced with only corn or corn plus beet pulp in treatments BC and BB, respectively. The concentration of starch and neutral detergent soluble carbohydrate varied (22.2, 20.2, and 14.5; 13.6, 15.9, and 20.1% of DM in treatments B, BC, and BB, respectively). Cows in treatment BB showed a higher DMI and improved digestibility of DM, NDF, and EE compared with treatments B or BC. Ruminal pH was higher in cows fed on BB (6.83) compared with those that received B or BC treatments (6.62 and 6.73, respectively). A lower proportion of propionate accompanied the higher pH in the BB group; however, a greater proportion of acetate and acetate: propionate ratio was observed compared with cows fed either on the B or BC diet. Moreover, cows fed on the BB diet showed the lowest ruminal passage rate and longest ruminal and total retention time. Eating time did not differ among treatments, rumination time was greater among cows fed on the BB diet compared with the others, whereas total chewing activity was greater than those fed on BC, but similar to those fed on B. The treatments showed no effect on milk yield. Partially replacing barley with corn or beet pulp resulted in an increase in milk fat and a lower protein concentration. Changing dietary NFC with that of a different degradability thus altered intake, chewing activity, ruminal environment, retention time or passage rate, and lactation performance. The results of this study showed that beet pulp with a higher NDF and a detergent-soluble carbohydrate or pectin established a more consistent ruminal mat than barley and corn, thus resulting in higher mean retention time and chewing activity, whereas no changes in 3.5% FCM and milk fat were observed.     

毛竹材声学振动特性研究

用共振法对毛竹材分层研究其动态杨氏模量,分析竹青、竹黄、竹节对毛竹材动态杨氏模量的影响,并得出竹材不同层声学振动性能的变化;分析动态杨氏模量与其静态力学性能的关系.结果表明:毛竹材的动态杨氏模量与密度明显线性正相关;竹青部分声速较大,竹黄部分声速较小;对小尺寸竹材试样也可同样采用测试其动态杨氏模量的方法来估测静态力学性能.     

微咸水冰体融出水质及基于HYDRUS-1D的土壤淋洗特征研究

为揭示微咸水结冰融水时咸淡分离状况及对盐渍土盐分的淋洗效应,通过室内融冰试验研究不同解冻温度(10℃、15℃)和矿化度处理(纯净水、0.5g·L^–1、2 g·L^–1、4 g·L^–1)冰体的融化速度及融出水质,并借助HYDRUS-1D模型,模拟分析了不同处理融出水与微咸水直接入渗对剖面土壤盐分的淋洗效果差异。结果表明：微咸水冰体咸淡分离效果明显,各处理下的微咸水冰体融出淡水体积占比均超75%,矿化度越小融出淡水体积越大;微咸水冰体先咸后淡融出水入渗对盐渍土中的盐分有较好的淋洗效果,优于相同矿化度的微咸水直接入渗处理;10℃处理微咸水冰融出水对盐渍土的淋洗效果要好于15℃处理。研究结果对于探索内陆干旱区地下微咸水资源利用及新的非生育期节水控盐模式具有一定的指导意义。     

生物炭对污泥-菌渣堆肥腐殖化与重金属钝化的影响

为探讨生物炭对市政污泥堆肥腐殖化和重金属钝化的影响,将市政污泥和菌渣按照湿质量比1:0.7进行混合,设置3个堆体进行好氧堆肥:处理组堆体分别添加混料干质量5%和10%的生物炭(记为BC5、BC10);对照组(CK)堆体不添加生物炭。结果表明:添加生物炭可延长高温时间,促进堆肥中富里酸向大分子胡敏酸转变,降低水溶性有机物含量,促进堆体腐熟。添加生物炭的堆体对重金属的钝化效果均优于CK组,BC5对可交换态Cu、Pb钝化效果较好,钝化率分别为78.12%、97.82%,BC10对可交换态Cr、Ni、Zn钝化效果较好,钝化率分别为66.64%、5.88%、19.76%;堆肥后Cu、Pb、Cr残渣态分配率增加量大小顺序为BC10>BC5>CK,Ni、Zn残渣态分配率增加量大小顺序为BC5>BC10>CK。Cu、Cr、Pb、Zn可交换态分配率均与水溶性有机物和富里酸呈极显著正相关(P<0.01),与胡敏酸呈极显著负相关(P<0.01)。研究表明,添加生物炭有利于堆体腐殖化和重金属钝化,且两者存在相关性。     

球磨仪-微波消解石墨炉原子吸收法测定土壤中的铅元素

采用行星式球磨仪制样、微波消解、石墨炉原子吸收法测定了土壤样品中的铅含量,球磨仪制样颗粒超细且均匀,干净卫生,不存在扬尘污染;微波消解仪操作简便快速,消耗试剂少,密闭消解,酸污染少。结果表明:测定土壤标准样品GSS-22的相对误差为1%,GSS-26相对误差为1.2%,测定实际试样相对标准偏差均值为1.6%,均满足试验要求。     

乡土用材棕榈藤种半同胞家系的早期选择

本文根据61个单叶省藤家系、31个版纳省藤家系和83个黄藤家系5年生试验林的生长表现,以10%的入选率、不低于1.96的选择强度,初步筛选折算单位面积产量高的单叶省藤家系6个、版纳省藤家系3个和黄藤家系8个,产量比参试家系群体总体平均值分别高111m/667m²、124m/667m²和598m/667m²。研究结果为高产棕榈藤家系早期选择提供依据,有助于高产棕榈藤品系的早日育成。     

天然斜发沸石催化α-蒎烯水合反应研究

用两种云南产天然斜发沸石催化α-蒎烯的水合反应，采用程序升温脱附法研究了催化活性与催化剂酸性质间的关系；讨论了反应温度、反应时间及催化剂用量对水合反应的影响，生产物为α-松油醇。     

盐渍土时空变化信息的图谱可视化分析

针对盐渍土动态变化监测中,无法实现变化信息的定位可视化表达问题,该文应用地学信息图谱的分析理念,提出了表达盐渍土类型变化的时空复合单元,探讨了盐渍土时空变化信息的图谱可视化表达方法。以盐渍化比较严重的银川平原为研究区,利用2000、2004和2009年3a的卫星遥感图像,进行了土壤盐渍化遥感制图,在GIS技术支持下,获取了2000-2004年、2004-2009年2个时段的盐渍土时空变化信息图谱,实现了盐渍土时空变化信息的可视化表达。为定位分析盐渍土演化的驱动机制提供了一种新的方法。