哈萨克族的草原游牧文化(Ⅰ)——哈萨克族的形成、分布及宗教信仰

研究哈萨克族的游牧文化对保护西北草原生态环境、巩固民族团结、促进少数民族地区经济发展和中华民族和谐统一具有十分重要的意义。哈萨克族是由古代许多部落和部族不断分化并逐步融合而成的,最主要的族源应是6世纪出现在汉文史籍中的"可萨",塞种、乌孙、匈奴、康居、可萨和突厥等是哈萨克族较早的民族源流。哈萨克语属阿尔泰语系突厥语族克普恰克语支,保留了丰富的古代突厥语词汇。哈萨克分布在世界40多个国家和地区,但至今没有任何方言。中国的哈萨克族主要分布在新疆北疆地区,且甘肃、青海都有分布。哈萨克先民曾使用过回鹘文等多种文字,现使用以阿拉伯字母为基础的拼音文字。历史上哈萨克族信仰过拜物教、萨满教、佛教、景教,最后信奉的是伊斯兰教,接受了伊斯兰文化。     

Comparative pharmacokinetics of paracetamol (acetaminophen) and its sulphate and glucuronide metabolites in desert camels and goats

Paracetamol was administered at dosages of 5 mg/kg to camels and 10 mg/kg to goats by the intravenous and intramuscular routes. Parent paracetamol had a significantly slower clearance (21.9 ± 1.4 mL/min.kg vs. 52.8 ± 7.3 mL/min.kg) (P < 0.01) in camels than in goats. In camels the predominant metabolite in plasma was the sulphate, although the ratios of glucuronide:paracetamol and sulphate:paracetamol were similar (5.20 ± 0.50 vs. 6.59 ± 0.51) following intravenous administration. In goats the glucuronide metabolite was the predominant moiety in plasma, and the area under the curve (AUC) of the sulphate was only 3.89% of that of the glucuronide conjugate. The apparent AUC for paracetamol in the camel following intramuscular administration was larger than that following intravenous administration, however, when the bioavailability (F) was determined, with correction for altered half-life, within the animal and between study phases it was 71 ± 17% in goats and 105 ± 26% in camels.     

哈萨克族的草原游牧文化（Ⅲ）——哈萨克族的文化艺术,人文礼仪及禁忌习俗

哈萨克族人民在生产生活中创造了丰富多彩的文化艺术。哈萨克文学包括书面文学和口头文学。主要代表作品有英雄史诗《阿里帕米斯》、《豁布兰德》、《叶尔塔尔根》、《哈木巴尔》、《哈班拜》等;爱情长诗如《吉别克姑娘》、《豁孜阔尔佩席与色彦苏鲁》、《恩利克与科别克》和《萨里哈与萨曼》等;叙事长诗有《考孜库尔帕西与巴彦苏鲁》、《克里米亚的40个巴图尔》等;医学巨著如《奇帕格尔巴彦》。哈萨克族音乐旋律古朴雄浑,散发着浓郁的生活气息,具有鲜明的地域特色和民族特色。乐器有冬不拉、库布孜、斯布斯额、达不拉等。哈萨克舞蹈动律性强,表现风格粗犷剽悍、刚健有力、轻快矫捷,充满浓烈的草原生活气息。哈萨克族的节日有纳吾热孜节,     

Developing a process-based and remote sensing driven crop yield model for maize(PRYM–Maize) and its validation over the Northeast China Plain

Spatial dynamics of crop yield provide useful information for improving the production. High sensitivity of crop growth models to uncertainties in input factors and parameters and relatively coarse parameterizations in conventional remote sensing(RS) approaches limited their applications over broad regions. In this study, a process-based and remote sensing driven crop yield model for maize(PRYM–Maize) was developed to estimate regional maize yield, and it was implemented using eight data-model coupling strategies(DMCSs) over the Northeast China Plain(NECP). Simulations under eight DMCSs were validated against the prefecture-level statistics(2010–2012) reported by National Bureau of Statistics of China, and inter-compared. The 3-year averaged result could give more robust estimate than the yearly simulation for maize yield over space. A 3-year averaged validation showed that prefecture-level estimates by PRYM–Maize under DMCS8, which coupled with the development stage(DVS)-based grain-filling algorithm and RS phenology information and leaf area index(LAI), had higher correlation(R, 0.61) and smaller root mean standard error(RMSE, 1.33 t ha~(–1)) with the statistics than did PRYM–Maize under other DMCSs. The result also demonstrated that DVS-based grain-filling algorithm worked better for maize yield than did the harvest index(HI)-based method, and both RS phenology information and LAI worked for improving regional maize yield estimate. These results demonstrate that the developed PRYM–Maize under DMCS8 gives reasonable estimates for maize yield and provides scientific basis facilitating the understanding the spatial variations of maize yield over the NECP.     

哈萨克族的草原游牧文化（Ⅱ）——哈萨克族的游牧生产

哈萨克族是世界上最喜欢牲畜和善于饲养牲畜的民族之一。创造了一整套与自然环境相适应的生存技能,使得自然环境始终保持一种良好的存在状态。哈萨克族游牧文化的生产、生活方式及技能是以自然的适应作为前提条件。其实质造就了游牧文化中的物质生产的特征,进而决定了整个生产、生活方式的某些基本特征。如游牧生产具有游移性、实用性、简约性、稳定性;有适应游牧的家畜;有与环境相适应的生活用品,如适应游牧的衣物、食品、毡房等;在畜牧生产中有四季草地的利用标准;畜群结构的控制;转场中的环保习俗;狩猎中的习俗等。哈萨克族有适应游牧生活的独特的民族手工艺产业。     

Comparative pharmacokinetics of ampicillin trihydrate, gentamicin sulphate and oxytetracycline hydrochloride in Nubian goats and desert sheep

In this investigation the pharmacokinetics of three commonly used antibiotics, ampicillin trihydrate (10 mg/kg), gentamicin sulphate (3 mg/kg) and oxytetracycline hydrochloride (5 mg/kg), given intravenously, were each studied in five Nubian goats and five desert sheep. The pharmacokinetic parameters were described by a two-compartment open model. The results indicated that there were significant differences between the two species in some kinetic parameters of ampicillin and oxytetracycline but not gentamicin. Ampicillin elimination half life ( t _1/2β) in goats (1.20 h) was shorter than that in sheep (2.48 h), and its clearance ( Cl ) significantly higher in goats (2921mL/h·kg) compared to sheep (262 mL/h·kg) ( P < 0.01). Ampicillin volume of distribution ( V d_area) was found to be significantly larger in goats (5673 mL/kg) than in sheep (992 mL/kg) ( P < 0.01). For oxytetracycline, the t _1/2β in goats (3.89 h) was significantly shorter than that in sheep (6.30 h) and the Cl value in goats (437 mL/h·kg) was significantly higher than in sheep (281 mL/h·kg). The results suggest that when treating sheep and goats, the pharmacokinetic differences between the two species must be considered in order to optimize the therapeutic doses of ampicillin and oxytetracycline.     

Range extension of four highland agamid lizards in Shimshal Pamir, Pakistan

As part of the Sino-Pak trans-boundary cooperation for conservation and sustainable development in Pamir border region,World Wild Fund (WWF)-Pakistan conducted a preliminary social,economic and ecological survey in the Shimshal-Pamir Lakes area in July 2009.The purpose of the study was to explore potentials and opportunities for future collaborative conservation of some species,habitats and high altitude ecosystems in the border region between China and Pakistan.The two-week herpetological study in the Shimshal Pamir area of Khunjerab National Park (KNP) along Pakistan-China border was an integral part of the survey,conducted exclu-sively to document reptilian fauna with a special emphasis on investigating their occurrence,distribution and status in the study area.Field investigations were performed during daytime when it was hot enough and reptiles were active,basking or feeding.A total of 15 specimens belonging to four species of the Agamidae family were captured by striking stones and beating bushes with sticks.Collected specimens were preserved using 10% formalin solution,tagged with field information and stored in Zoological Survey Department,Karachi for future reference.Laboratory investigations were carried out for pholidosic counts and morphometric measurements.A detailed review of relevant literature,habitat characteristics and laboratory investigations revealed the occurrence of Laudakia himalayana,L.pakistanica,L.tuberculata and L.badakhshana at 4,082 m,4,172 m,4,005 m and 4,240 m asl,respectively,which are much higher altitudes as compared to the previously reported heights of 3,353 m,3,200 m,2,500 m and 2,400 m asl.The terrain offers a variety of ecological barriers,in the form of fast and freezing running waters and massive glaciers with peculiar harsh climatic conditions prevailing for nine months of the year,which restricts species migration and thus increases endemism.Although one of the four species recorded from the study area,i.e.L.pakistanica is endemic to Pakistan,L.tuberculata and L.badakhshana are new records from Shimshal,Pakistan,so a detailed investigation is suggested for further herpetological records from the study area.