Laparoscopic Ovariectomy in Dogs: Comparison Between Single Portal and Two-Portal Access

Objective: To compare surgical times and perioperative complication rates of single portal access and 2-portal laparoscopic ovariectomy (LapOVE) in dogs using a bipolar vessel sealer/divider device, and to evaluate the performance of novice laparoscopists for right ovariectomy.
Study Design: Controlled clinical trial.
Animals: Female dogs (n=42).
Methods: Dogs were divided into groups: 1=single portal and 2=2 portal. LapOVE was performed using a 5 mm vessel sealer/divider device and a 10 mm operating laparoscope (Group 1) or a 5 mm laparoscope (Group 2). Dog characteristics (weight, body condition score, ovarian ligament fat score), operative time, and perioperative complication rate were compared between groups. Right ovariectomy duration was evaluated for 2 novice laparoscopists.
Results: No significant difference was found in mean total surgical time between group 1 (21.07 min/s) and group 2 (19.06 min/s). Factors significantly affecting times included body condition scores, ovarian ligament fat score, ovarian bleeding, and surgeon expertize. Minor complications (bleeding from ovaries or after splenic trauma) occurred and were similar in both groups. Bleeding was correlated to body condition score and ovarian ligament fat score. Interindividual differences were found among surgeons for right ovariectomy time.
Conclusions: Single portal access LapOVE using vessel sealer/divider device is feasible, safe, and does not significantly increase total surgical time in comparison with 2-portal approach. Laparoscopic skills may play a role in ability to perform single portal LapOVE.
Clinical Relevance: LapOVE can be performed using single portal access.     

Trade,Wage Inequalities and Disparities between Countries: The Technology Connection

ABSTRACT This paper takes seriously the idea that international trade has played an important role in explaining both some convergence between developed economies as well as rising inequalities at the personal level. Previous studies used traditional trade theory as a reference framework. The empirical consensus is now that differences in factor endowment explain at best a small fraction of rising wage inequalities. This argument, by contrast, builds on labor specialization and increasing returns. Deeper economic integration allows trade in differentiated intermediate goods and primary tasks, thus transforming local increasing returns into global increasing returns. This pushes towards geographical equalization. At the same time, deeper integration also increases the size of the pool of available skilled workers. This may lead them to a‘technological secession’as it makes more skill-demanding technologies more profitable. Technological secession in turn fosters wage inequalities at the personal level.     

Description of a new procedure to estimate the carbon stocks of all forest pools and impact assessment of methodological choices on the estimates

Forest ecosystems play a major role in atmospheric carbon sequestration and emission. Comparable organic carbon stock estimates at temporal and spatial scales for all forest pools are needed for scientific investigations and political purposes. Therefore, we developed a new carbon stock (CS) estimation procedure that combines forest inventory and soil and litter geodatabases at a regional scale (southern Belgium). This procedure can be implemented in other regions and countries on condition that available external carbon soil and litter data can be linked to forest inventory plots. The presented procedure includes a specific CS estimation method for each of the following forest pools and subpools (in brackets): living biomass (aboveground and belowground), deadwood (dead trees and snags, coarse woody debris and stumps), litter, and soil. The total CS of the forest was estimated at 86 Tg (185 Mg ha^?1). Soil up to 0.2 m depth, living biomass, litter, and deadwood CSs account, respectively, for 48, 47, 4, and 1 % of the total CS. The analysis of the CS variation within the pools across ecoregions and forest types revealed in particular that: (1) the living biomass CS of broadleaved forests exceeds that of coniferous forests, (2) the soil and litter CSs of coniferous forest exceed those of broadleaved forests, and (3) beech stands come at the top in carbon stocking capacity. Because our estimates differ sometimes significantly from the previous studies, we compared different methods and their impacts on the estimates. We demonstrated that estimates may vary highly, from ?16 to +12 %, depending on the selected methods. Methodological choices are thus essential especially for estimating CO₂ fluxes by the stock change approach. The sources of error and the accuracy of the estimates were discussed extensively.     

长期施磷黑土中磷的吸附–解吸特征及其影响因素

  【目的】  比较长期不施磷与施磷黑土对外源磷的吸附–解吸特征,为黑土区磷素管理提供理论基础。  【方法】  供试黑土长期定位试验位于吉林省公主岭市,始于1990年。2018年选择其中不施肥(CK),施氮钾肥(NK),施氮磷钾肥(NPK)和氮磷钾+有机肥(NPK+M) 4个处理小区,采集0—20、20—40和40—60 cm土层的土壤样品,分析了土壤理化性质,采用恒温平衡法测定了土壤磷的吸附–解吸特征,并由此计算得到磷最大吸附量(Q_m)、吸附亲和力常数(K_Q)、最大缓冲容量(MBC)、磷吸附饱和度(DPS)、最大解吸量(D_m)和解吸率(D_r)。  【结果】  随着平衡溶液中磷浓度的增加,磷的吸附量与解吸量均呈先快速增加后逐渐趋于平衡的过程。与不施磷处理(CK和NK)土壤相比,施磷处理(NPK、NPK+M)减少了磷的吸附量,增加了磷的解吸量。与不施磷处理相比,施磷处理在0—60 cm剖面上的Q_m和MBC值分别降低了4.94%～63.46%和15.90%～75.18%,D_r值增加了8.52%～474.0%,以NPK+M处理变化量最大。施磷处理比不施磷处理在0—60 cm土壤剖面上全磷和有机质含量分别增加了34.40%～145.5%和12.77%～50.07%,游离态铁铝氧化物(Fe_d+Al_d)含量降低了5.14%～11.35%。冗余分析表明,不施磷处理土壤的有机质、Fe_d+Al_d和全磷,以及施磷处理中的Fe_d+Al_d、络合态铁铝氧化物(Fe_p+Al_p)、pH和有机质是影响磷吸附解吸特征参数的主要土壤因子,分别解释了不施磷和施磷处理全部变异的77.59%和90.62%。土壤有效磷(Olsen-P)与磷吸附饱和度(DPS)相关关系表明,所研究的黑土DPS环境界限值为8%左右,NPK+M处理中3个土层的DPS_M-P值(由Mehlich-3 浸提的磷、铁和铝计算)为7.77%～25.96%,DPS_O-P值(由Olsen-P和Q_m计算)为17.24%～24.75%,均高于此环境界限值,具有磷素流失的风险。  【结论】  长期施磷降低了黑土对外源磷的吸附量,增加了磷解吸量。长期不施磷肥,土壤对磷的吸附和解吸主要受有机质、游离态铁铝氧化物的影响。而长期施肥,特别是有机肥与化肥配合处理,土壤中游离态和络合态铁铝氧化物、有机质及pH是影响磷吸附解吸特征的主要因素。     

长期不同施肥处理黑土磷的吸附-解吸特征及 对土壤性质的响应

目的 长期不同施肥处理影响土壤磷库和土壤性质的变化。研究不同施肥处理下黑土磷的吸附解析特征及其与土壤性质的响应关系,为黑土合理施用磷肥,提高磷有效性提供理论依据。方法 本研究依托于公主岭黑土肥力长期定位试验,供试作物为玉米。选取不施肥（CK）、施氮、钾肥（NK）、氮磷钾平衡施肥（NPK）、氮磷钾+有机肥（NPKM）4个处理。取1990、2000和2010年的0—20 cm土层的土壤样品,分析土壤性质,测定磷的吸附解吸值,并用 Langmuir方程拟合了磷的吸附曲线,计算磷最大吸附量（Q_max）、磷吸附常数（K）、最大缓冲容量（MBC）、磷吸附饱和度（DPS）以及土壤易解吸磷（RDP）。结果 Langmuir吸附等温线方程能很好的拟合土壤吸附磷和相应的平衡溶液磷浓度曲线（R ²=0.93—0.99）。不同施肥处理磷吸附解吸特征参数具有明显的差异。随试验年限的增加,不同处理各特征参数变化不尽相同,与1990年相比,2010年不施磷处理（CK和NK）,Q_max值分别增加了1.83和1.61倍,MBC值分别增加了0.80%和49.40%,DPS值分别降低了92.04%和87.50%,RDP值分别降低了20.00%和82.83%;NPK处理Q_max和DPS值分别增加了81.39%和90.74%,MBC和 RDP值分别降低了79.37%和48.57%;NPKM处理Q_max和MBC值分别降低了33.35%和78.52%,DPS和RDP值分别增加了11.36倍和1.48倍。施肥21年后,与CK和NPK处理相比,NPKM处理的Q_max值降低了64.66%和 49.52%,MBC值降低了81.87%和79.56%,DPS值增加了110和3.81倍,RDP值增加了4.36倍和78.57%。NPKM处理显著增加了土壤全磷（Total-P）、有效磷（Olsen-P）、有机质（SOM）和CaCO₃含量,降低了比表面积,维持pH、游离铁铝氧化物值不变。冗余分析结果表明：SOM和Total-P是造成磷吸附解吸特征参数差异的主要因素,分别解释了全部变异的49.5%和18.7%（P＜0.05）。 结论 长期有机无机配施可显著增加SOM和土壤中磷素累积,降低土壤对磷的吸附能力,增加土壤对磷的解吸,提高土壤磷的有效性,但同时显著提高了土壤磷吸附饱和度,易引起磷素流失的风险,对于NPKM处理应考虑有机肥与无机肥的投入量。     

Sterile insect technique and <Emphasis Type="Italic">Wolbachia</Emphasis> symbiosis as potential tools for the control of the invasive species <Emphasis Type="Italic">Drosophila suzukii</Emphasis>

Drosophila suzukii, a vinegar fly originated from Southeast Asia, has recently invaded western countries, and it has been recognized as an important threat of a wide variety of several commercial soft fruits. This review summarizes the current information about the biology and dispersal of D. suzukii and discusses the current status and prospects of control methods for the management of this pest. We highlight current knowledge and ongoing research on innovative environmental-friendly control methods with emphasis on the sterile insect technique (SIT) and the incompatible insect technique (IIT). SIT has been successfully used for the containment, suppression or even eradication of populations of insect pests. IIT has been proposed as a stand-alone tool or in conjunction with SIT for insect pest control. The principles of SIT and IIT are reviewed, and the potential value of each approach in the management of D. suzukii is analyzed. We thoroughly address the challenges of SIT and IIT, and we propose the use of SIT as a component of an area-wide integrated pest management approach to suppress D. suzukii populations. As a contingency plan, we suggest a promising alternative avenue through the combination of these two techniques, SIT/IIT, which has been developed and is currently being tested in open-field trials against Aedes mosquito populations. All the potential limiting factors that may render these methods ineffective, as well as the requirements that need to be fulfilled before their application, are discussed.     

Farmer’s views and values to focus on cattle conservation policies: the case of eight European countries

Our aim was to identify elements useful in designing policies and programmes for conservation of farm animal genetic resources, taking as case study a group of European local cattle breeds. We first investigated the implications of differences among countries in the policies and programmes to be developed. Secondly, we analysed key elements common to countries, which may affect local breed viability. We used the herd size trend expected by the farmer in the near future as an indicator of breed viability. Fifteen breeds, for a total of 355 farms, were surveyed. To take into account the multiple factors influencing breeds’ demographic trends, the questionnaire included economical, technical and social aspects. Among the major differences across countries was the perception of the farmer on the value attributed to the local breed by society. Concerning the elements common to countries and their association to breed viability, the greater the collaboration among farmers and the stakeholders’ appreciation as perceived by the farmer, the greater the viability of the farm. An opposite trend was observed for the age of the farmer. Older farmers generally planned to soon cease farming or decrease herd size, whereas young farmers planned to increase the size of their herds. Implications of including these elements in conservation polices are discussed.     

Long-term fertilization and intensive cropping enhance carbon and nitrogen accumulated in soil clay-sized particles of red soil in South China

Journal of Soils and Sediments - Understanding the underlying mechanism of soil carbon (C) and nitrogen (N) accumulation is of great significance for soil C sequestration and climate change...     

长期有机无机肥配施提高黑土磷含量和活化系数

【目的】 长期不同施肥模式影响着耕层土壤磷库以及各形态磷的变化。研究不同施肥模式下黑土各磷素形态含量及有效性的变化,为黑土的肥力培育和合理施用磷肥提供理论依据。 【方法】 黑土长期定位施肥试验位于吉林省公主岭市,始于1990年,供试作物是连作玉米。肥料试验包括不施肥对照 (CK)、施氮、钾肥 (NK)、氮磷钾平衡施肥 (NPK)、氮磷钾 + 有机肥 (NPKM) 共4个处理。化肥处理施氮肥(N) 165 kg/hm2、磷肥(P) 36 kg/hm2、钾肥(K) 68 kg/hm2、猪粪21 t/hm2,NPKM处理的最终N?P?K养分投入量为165?75?145 kg/hm2。选取了1990、1995、2000、2005和2010年的土样,采用Hedley连续浸提法,分析了土壤全磷、有效磷及各有效磷形态含量,计算了土壤磷活化系数 (PAC)。 【结果】 与初始年份相比,NPKM处理土壤全磷、有效磷和磷活化系数,分别显著提高了88.47%、12.98倍和6.42倍。NPK处理对全磷含量影响较小,土壤有效磷含量和PAC值分别增加了1.65倍和2.67倍。CK和NK处理全磷含量降低了15.12%和32.67%,有效磷含量降低了33.47%和12.57%,土壤磷活化系数 (PAC) 分别降低了52.49%和2.55%。所有处理黑土磷库均以无机磷为主,占全磷的80.53%～90.43%。施磷肥处理的无机磷含量占全磷的比值显著高于不施磷处理,对有机磷含量影响不显著。不同处理均以中活性态磷含量最多,占全磷的50.37%～55.06%,活性态磷含量最少,占全磷的7.61%～19.02%。与不施磷处理相比,施磷处理显著提高了土壤活性态磷的比值,尤其是无机磷中的活性态磷的比值。CK、NK处理中Resin-P、NaHCO₃-Pi、NaOH-Pi、Conc.HCl-Pi、Residual-P无机磷形态均呈减少趋势;NPK处理中Resin-P、NaHCO₃-Pi、NaOH-Pi、Dil.HCl-Pi呈增加趋势,Conc.HCl-Pi和Residual-P呈减少趋势;NPKM处理中,各无机态磷含量均随施肥年限的增加呈增加趋势。相关分析结果表明有效磷含量的变化值与Resin-P、NaHCO₃-Pi、NaOH-Pi、Conc.HCl-Po变化值之间存在显著的相关性,其相关系数为0.972、0.665、0.860和0.605,说明活性较高的无机磷对有效磷效率的贡献最大。 【结论】 与施氮钾肥和氮磷钾肥相比,氮磷钾配合有机肥可显著提高土壤全磷、有效磷含量,显著提高土壤活性态无机磷的比例,进而提高土壤磷活化系数,提高磷素利用率。