Relative dispersibility of Tilia americana L., Acer saccharum Marsh. and Fraxinus pennsylvanica Marsh, was inferred from the ratio among species-specific regression coefficients () computed from seedling density-distance plots. Density counts were made in spatially-uniform old fields adjacent to single seed sources or monotypic fencerows. Resultant seedling shadow curves approximate the negative exponential form expected for many seeds (log y=a–X). This basic curve shape fit species of differing dispersibility, dispersal under a range of wind directions and one-year-old or all-aged cohorts. The ratios of were 1:2.6:3.2 for Tilia, Acer and Fraxinus, respectively, in order of increasing dispersibility. Vegetation patches isolated from seed sources by several hundred meters or more should have extremely low input of seeds, especially Tilia and Acer.The finding that Fraxinus disperses farther than Acer was unexpected, since the samaras of the former have faster terminal velocities. The relationship can be explained by better performance of Fraxinus samaras in the stronger winds experienced by trees in open landscapes, poorer formation of the samara abscission layer, and release of samaras following leaf abscission and during the winter when winds are the strongest. Both the samara plan and dispersal phenology need to be considered in estimating relative dispersibility among species. 相似文献
There is ground for concern that the British research and development effort, which is of considerable size, may not be well distributed. In some areas of intense scientific effort, commercial priorities tend to be forgotten. Too many of the units of the economic system are backward in understanding what science can offer and inefficient in using the opportunities which it provides. Evidence suggests that the successful use of science depends on the overall quality of management rather than specifically on its degree of scientific knowledge. 相似文献
1. The mean energy, Ef, required for fracture of an egg shell at its equator by a flat plate is known to depend on shell compression speed, vm, for speeds in the range 20 μm/s to 2.lb5 mm/s; analysis of published data shows that Ef bears a linear relationship to log (vm) throughout the industrially important speed range from 20 μm/s to 1.lb1 m/s, increasing from 1.lb3 to 5.lb0 mJ.
2. At lower speeds down to 2 μm/s Ef is constant.
3. Ef is reduced if the flat plate is replaced by a sphere or cylinder; the greater its curvature, the smaller Ef.
4. Ef for the narrow pole is greater and for the broad pole smaller than that for the equator but these differences may be due in part to . systematic differences in shell thickness as well as curvature. 相似文献
1. The decrease in strength of an egg shell which is known to accompany an increase in the period of time over which a load is applied might come about by either of two mechanisms: a decrease in the strength of the material constituting the strong, outer layer of the mineral shell, or a decrease in the thickness of this layer brought about by deepening of the crevices that are normally present between adjacent crystal columns in the weak, inner layer of the shell.
2. Experiments designed to discriminate between these mechanisms are described: the results indicate the second mechanism.
3. This mechanism offers explanations for various other shell phenomena, including delayed fracture under a static, cyclical or recurrent load.
4. The main implication for the poultry industry is that any external insult to a shell is likely to weaken it by doing damage that is local, internal, irreparable and cumulative, even though it may be invisible from the outside. 相似文献