整体系统观: 中国生物多样性立法保护应然逻辑

长江流域生物多样性保护在我国生态文明建设战略布局中居于重心地位。但多种因素,尤其是法律规制的长期空位和缺失,导致长江流域生物多样性遭受严重破坏。《长江保护法》作为我国第一部流域专门法,为实现长江流域生态环境高水平保护和社会经济高质量发展提供了法制保障。《长江保护法》在流域生物多样性保护方面注重目标导向,并就搭建全流域统筹协调机制、建立水生生物完整性指数评价体系、构筑生态修复和生态保护补偿制度、开展生物多样性调查与生物资源监测以及深入推进禁渔工作等方面进行了明确规定和系统部署,为我国长江流域生物多样性保护提供了坚实的法律基础。但需指出的是,长江流域生物多样性保护制度构建仍处于探索阶段,生物多样性保护依旧存在配套制度迟滞影响实效、迁地保护作用发挥不突出、多重执法主体造成状态混乱、外来入侵物种防控制度缺位等现实问题。本文针对上述问题,提出加快配套制度和管理体制改革进程、重视迁地与就地双重保护作用、完善长江流域综合执法体系、填补外来入侵物种防控漏洞等完善建议,以期为长江流域生物多样性有效保护和高效管理提供参考。     

Novel royal jelly proteins identified by gel-based and gel-free proteomics

Royal jelly (RJ) plays an important role in caste determination of the honeybee; the genetically same female egg develops into either a queen or worker bee depending on the time and amount of RJ fed to the larvae. RJ also has numerous health-promoting properties for humans. Gel-based and gel-free proteomics approaches and high-performance liquid chromatography-chip quadruple time-of-flight tandem mass spectrometry were applied to comprehensively investigate the protein components of RJ. Overall, 37 and 22 nonredundant proteins were identified by one-dimensional gel electrophoresis and gel-free analysis, respectively, and 19 new proteins were found by these two proteomics approaches. Major royal jelly proteins (MRJPs) were identified as the principal protein components of RJ, and proteins related to carbohydrate metabolism such as glucose oxidase, α-glucosidase precursor, and glucose dehydrogenase were also successfully identified. Importantly, the 19 newly identified proteins were mainly classified into three functional categories: oxidation-reduction (ergic53 CG6822-PA isoform A isoform 1, Sec61 CG9539-PA, and ADP/ATP translocase), protein binding (regucalcin and translationally controlled tumor protein CG4800-PA isoform 1), and lipid transport (apolipophorin-III-like protein). These new findings not only significantly increase the RJ proteome coverage but also help to provide new knowledge of RJ for honeybee biology and potential use for human health promotion.     

L型侧槽溢洪道进口段水力特性试验及三维数值模拟研究

侧槽溢洪道被广泛运行于水利工程,但由于受场地、投资等限制,部分工程采用正堰与侧堰相结合的L型布置,导致槽内水流结构更加复杂。以景宁某工程溢洪道为例,采用Flow3D三维仿真软件模拟了L型侧槽溢洪道进口段的水流结构,并结合水工模型试验,对槽内的水流流态、流速分布、水面线、压强和消能率等水力特性参数进行了对比分析。结果显示L型溢洪道侧槽内正、侧堰两股水流相互作用后,可有效提高过流能力,降低侧槽内水位,增加消能率;其次,数值模拟计算结果与水工模型试验基本吻合,进一步表明三维数值模拟在研究复杂水流结构时的可行性,成果可为类似工程的研究提供参考。     

农药产品中微量N-亚硝基化合物的检测研究

根据N-亚硝基化合物的性质,利用化学去亚硝基反应,制定了测定农药产品中N-亚硝基化合物的分光光度法,试验结果表明,N-二甲基亚硝胺浓度在0.02～3μg/mL范围内呈线性关系,该法用于测定农药产品分析,5次测定结果RSD为2.2%。     

玉嘧磺隆原药的高效液相色谱分析

本文叙述了高效液相色谱外标法测定玉嘧磺隆含量的方法,方法的标准偏差为0.13,变异系数为0.14%,线性相关系数为0.9997,回收率为99.7%～100.4%。     

城市输配水管网水质变化模型及其数值方法

论述了水质在管网中变化的稳态和动态数学模型，分别给出了求解稳态模型的方法和用拉格朗日法求解动态模型的典型数值方法。     

Modelling dynamics of ecosystem services basket in Mediterranean landscapes: a tool for rational management

Natural ecosystems are life-supporting systems providing diverse ecosystem services (ESs) and benefits to human societies: e.g., food and clean water, recreation opportunities or climate regulation. The contribution of natural and semi-natural ecosystems to the provision of such services depends to a large extent on vegetation structure and composition, which, in turn, change as a result of interactions between human decisions about land management, and spontaneous biological and environmental processes. Rational management of these dynamic ecosystems requires an ability to predict short- and long-term effects of management decisions on the desired ESs. The vegetation then contributes to, and modifies, the products and services obtained from the land. We applied mathematical modeling to study these complex relationships. We developed a model for a Mediterranean ecosystem which predicts the dynamics of multiple services in response to management scenarios, mediated by vegetation changes. Six representative ESs representing different groups were selected, based on available scientific information, for a detailed study: (1) density of geophytes, (2) potential contribution to honey production, (3) energy density of fleshy fruits foraged by birds, (4) forage for goats, (5) forage for cattle, and (6) carbon retention in woody plants. Mean contributions to each service by different vegetation cover types were estimated, and the overall service provided by the site was calculated as a weighted mean of these contributions. Services were measured in their appropriate units and subsequently standardized to a percentage of the maximum value observed in the study area. We attempted to combine all studied ESs, despite their different nature, into one “ESs basket”. This paper presents the dynamics of simulated vegetation composition and values of services in response to management scenarios involving grazing, fire and their combinations. Our approach can help land managers to evaluate alternative management scenarios by presenting the “services basket” obtained from the entire managed area.     

Field variability and vulnerability index to identify regional precision agriculture opportunity

Innovations in precision agriculture (PA) have created opportunities to achieve a greater understanding of within-field variability. However, PA adoption has been hindered by uncertainty about field-specific performance and return on investment. Uncertainty could be better addressed by using innovative analyses that provide insights into variability among fields and across a region. The objectives of this research were to: (1) generate a within-field soil clay-content variability index (VI_c), (2) create a regional-scale growing-season precipitation variability index (VI_p), and (3) integrate the soil and weather indices with the USDA NRCS soil erosion vulnerability index (SVI) to produce a final index that incorporated both variability and vulnerability (VVI). The interpretation of the outcomes represented by each objective supports unique decisions that land managers may consider for reducing uncertainty about implementing PA. All indices were derived using publically available information for Missouri, USA. The VI_c was the ratio between the maximum and minimum clay content within fields. The VI_p was calculated as the standard deviation of the total growing-season precipitation from 2006 to 2015. Significant clustering of VI_c and VI_p were observed along the Missouri River corridor, northeast and northwest Missouri. Fields with high VVI were mostly in the claypan soil region of northeast Missouri, and along a portion of the Missouri River dominated by loess soils on steep slopes. Southeast Missouri displayed the greatest diversity in soil and weather variability, but had low vulnerability. This research could be used as a decision-support tool to aid producers and PA service and product providers in determining where PA opportunities exist.     

酶法提高木材渗透性的研究

以工农业废弃物为原料,借固体发酵法制备的果胶酶和纤维素酶,对云杉、臭松和柞木等试材进行酶法处理,可以扩大木材中液体流动的通路,提高其渗透性。详细探讨了酶活性大小、作用时间和各种试材渗透性之间的关系,检验了酶处理材对CCA水溶性防腐剂的吸收量,并以枕木为对象,作了枕木的酶法处理以及吸油量比较。在试验条件下,木材渗透性最高可提高90％以上,对防腐油的吸收量可增加16％以上。     

基因枪轰击注射鸭α-干扰素基因疫苗对免疫鸭抗鸭瘟强毒感染的影响

将鸭α-干扰素基因疫苗pcDNA-SDIFN-α分别按每只1、3和6μg剂量采用基因枪轰击方式免疫樱桃谷鸭,以PBS、空载体质粒pcDNA 3.1（＋）和鸭瘟弱毒疫苗为对照,注射后第15 d给每只鸭人工感染鸭瘟强毒.结果显示,1μg pcDNA-SDIFN-α免疫鸭有3/12死亡,PBS和空载体注射鸭分别有5/12和4/12死亡;3μg和6μg pcDNA-SDIFN-α免疫鸭以及鸭瘟弱毒疫苗免疫鸭100%受到保护.3个剂量pcDNA-SDIFN-α免疫鸭外周血鸭瘟病毒DNA含量显著低于PBS和空载体对照组,而3个pcDNA-SDIFN-aα免疫组之间差异不显著.表明,基因枪轰击pcDNA-SDIFN-α免疫鸭后能产生一定的抗鸭瘟强毒感染的作用.