Correlation between surface free energy and surface constitution

Self-assembled monolayers (SAMs) of alkylsiloxanes on elastomeric PDMS (polydimethylsiloxane) were used as model systems to study interactions between surfaces. Surface free energies (gammasv) of these chemically modified surfaces were estimated by measuring the deformations that resulted from the contact between small semispherical lenses and flat sheets of the elastomer under controlled loads. The measured surface free energies correlated with the surface chemical compositions of the SAMs and were commensurate with the values estimated from the measurements of contact angles. This study provides direct experimental evidence for the validity of estimates of the surface free energies of low-energy solids obtained from contact angles.     

通过营养和饲养管理调控蛋重

蛋鸡产蛋初期蛋重大小，随着产蛋日龄的增加蛋重将逐渐变大。但实际生产中，在某一恒定的温度下，蛋重每增加1克需要提高2％的采食量，这将增加鸡蛋的成本。因此，必须对蛋重进行调控。     

养猪生产中膨化对能量和蛋白饲料的影响

膨化是综合了水、压力、温度和机械剪切诸因素的作用而完成的，经过膨化的物料会发生一系列物理和化学变化，如促进淀粉糊化，使蛋白质变性以及霉变有毒成分和有害微生物失活等。同时，膨化还可改善饲料的适口性，增进饲料颗粒的稳定性和耐贮性等等。而且廉价饲料原料经过膨化处理后可以替代高值原料而不影响饲料的质量，     

Interpretation of serum antibody response to Anoplocephala perfoliata in relation to parasite burden and faecal egg count

REASON FOR PERFORMING STUDY: Increased knowledge is needed to assist in the interpretation of presently available diagnostic techniques for infection by the tapeworm Anoplocephala perfoliata in horses. HYPOTHESIS: The suggested cut-off level of an A. perfoliata specific ELISA may not adequately reflect the actual infection level. Hence, faecal egg counts may be a more useful diagnostic test for individual horses than previously reported. METHODS: Eighty-four horses admitted for slaughter at a Danish abattoir were examined for the presence of A. perfoliata. The number of tapeworms, their stage of development and gross pathological mucosal lesions were recorded and compared with serum antibody responses and faecal egg counts. Faecal egg counts were determined in samples from A. perfoliata infected horses using a semi quantitative centrifugation/flotation technique. Blood samples collected at slaughter were analysed by ELISA to determine serum antibody levels against A. perfoliata 12/13 kDa excretory/secretory antigens. RESULTS: Macroscopically visible tapeworms were detected in 24 (29%) of the horses. The overall sensitivity of the faecal egg count was found to be 0.46; however, if the detection limit was increased to above 20 tapeworms, sensitivity increased to 0.89. There was a correlation of 0.71 between worm burden and egg count. The antibody levels correlated significantly with infection intensity despite a wide variation among horses with similar levels of infection. The optimal cut-off value was determined using receiver operating characteristic analysis. If cut-off was chosen at optical density (OD) = 0.7, sensitivity was 0.68 and specificity 0.71. CONCLUSIONS: Both diagnostic methods were capable of revealing potentially pathogenic infections, with the faecal egg count being more applicable on the individual horse level. POTENTIAL RELEVANCE: In the population of Danish horses investigated the serum ELISA test should be interpreted such that horses in need of anti-Anoplocephala treatment have an OD = 0.7 or above.     

Glutathione content of in vivo and in vitro matured canine oocytes collected from different reproductive stages

Glutathione (GSH) concentrations of oocytes are considered as an important marker of the cytoplasmic maturation. The present study was designed to compare GSH concentrations of in vivo and in vitro matured canine oocytes. In vivo matured oocytes were collected 72 hr after ovulation by flushing fallopian tubes after laparotomy. Ovaries were collected from bitches with different reproductive stages, and collected oocytes were divided into 2 groups according to the size viz. < 120 microm and > 120 microm in diameter and cultured for 72 hr in Tissue Culture Medium-199 supplemented with 10% FBS, 2.2 mg/ml sodium bicarbonate, 2.0 microg/ml estrogen, 0.5 microg/ml FSH, 0.03 IU/ml hCG, and 1% penicillin-streptomycin solution in the presence or absence of 50 microM beta-mercaptoethanol. GSH concentrations were determined by the dithionitrobenzoic acid-glutathione disulfide (DTNB-GSSG) reductase recycling assay. GSH concentrations of immature canine oocytes were 2.9 and 3.8, 3.5 and 6.8, and 3.1 and 6.5 pM/oocyte for < 120 microm and > 120 microm in diameter oocyte groups at anestrous, follicular and luteal stage, respectively (P<0.05). In vivo matured oocytes had significantly higher GSH concentrations compared with in vitro matured oocytes. The GSH content was 19.2 pM/oocyte for in vivo matured oocytes, while 4.1 to 8.1 and 5.7 to 13.2 pM/oocyte for in vitro matured oocytes cultured in the absence or presence of beta-mercaptoethanol, respectively (P<0.05). Presence of beta-mercaptoethanol increased GSH synthesis in canine oocytes cultured in vitro, and oocytes collected from follicular and luteal stage was superior to anestrus oocytes.     

马铃薯机械化收获技术应用及推广措施

马铃薯是全球第四大重要粮食作物,是黑龙江五大主要农作物之一,马铃薯产业具有广阔的发展前景。黑龙江地区对马铃薯新品种的推广及加工产业逐渐增加,但是马铃薯机械化收获水平较低,马铃薯机械化推广模式尚未完善,进一步限制了黑龙江省马铃薯机械化水平的提升与技术推广。针对以上问题,提出了黑龙江省马铃薯收获机推广应用基本依据与运行条件,并针对黑龙江地区详细论述马铃薯收获机推广特点及条件,最后提出相关马铃薯收获机推广策略与运行机制,研究结果以期为提升黑龙江省马铃薯收获水平、丰富农机推广模式提供技术参考。     

磷矿粉超微细化对磷有效性的影响

以含P2O528.97%的同一胶磷矿制备的3种细度磷矿粉为供试材料.采用2%柠檬酸连续浸提的方法,研究了细度和厩肥发酵对磷矿粉释磷效果的影响.结果发现,连续3次浸提的枸溶性磷,细化磷矿粉PR2(400目)和细化磷矿粉PR3(800目)均较普通磷矿粉PR1(100目)提高,达显著水平(p>0.05),细度高的磷矿粉释磷快;磷矿粉与牛粪1:2混合发酵3周后,PR1、PR2、PR3的枸溶性磷含量分别达到发酵前的1.42倍、1.65倍和1.56倍,发酵后PR3的枸溶性磷含量达到未发酵普通磷矿粉PR1的2倍,显示了两种技术结合的累加效应;增加厩肥比例对等质量的磷矿粉活化效果好.     

不同水分下腐殖酸对杨树生理生化特性和生长的影响

盆栽试验研究了不同水分条件下腐殖酸对杨树生理生化特性及生长的影响。结果表明:随水分使用量的增加,配施腐殖酸不同程度的提高了杨树根系活力、叶绿素含量和硝酸还原酶(NR)活性,但根系活力以常规水分处理的最高。相同水份条件下,配施腐殖酸提高了叶片和根系的生长素(IAA)、赤霉素(GA)含量,但对玉米素(ZT)影响小。低水条件下,配施腐殖酸可降低气孔导度(Gs)和蒸腾速率(Tr),提高水分利用效率(WUE),提高脱落酸(ABA)含量;在常规和高水分条件下,腐殖酸的施用不同程度的提高了气孔导度(Gs)和光合速率(Pn),显著降低了ABA含量。低水条件下配施腐殖酸对杨树根茎叶重和总生物量影响不大,而在常规和高水分条件下,配施腐殖酸显著提高了杨树根、茎、叶和总生物量,并显著提高了杨树氮、磷、钾养分含量,高水下提高幅度更大。     

土壤侵蚀磁性示踪剂对大白菜生理特性及产量和品质的影响

通过大田试验研究了不同浓度的土壤侵蚀磁性示踪剂对大白菜生理特性及产量、品质的影响。结果表明,在4个浓度(1%、3%、5%、10%)的示踪剂处理下,大白菜叶长、叶宽及产量均明显增大;低浓度(3%～5%)的示踪剂提高了大白菜的株高,促进了根的伸长,显著提高了叶绿素含量(p<0.05),同时对大白菜净光合速率、蒸腾速率也有促进作用。示踪剂处理使叶片中超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性显著降低(p<0.05),而根系中SOD活性则显著升高(p<0.05);示踪剂对过氧化物酶(POD)活性的影响与对SOD活性的影响恰好相反,对过氧化氢酶(CAT)活性影响较小,在低浓度条件下,叶片与根系中POD和CAT保持有较高活性;示踪剂还导致叶片中丙二醛(MDA)含量显著提高(p<0.05)。同时,示踪剂降低了大白菜可溶性糖含量,但不显著。示踪剂浓度大于5%时显著降低维生素C含量(p<0.05)。低浓度(1%～3%)处理时有效改善了大白菜品质。总之,低浓度的示踪剂用量对大白菜生长有促进作用,高浓度的示踪剂对大白菜生长有抑制作用。     

Effect of feeding intensity and milking system on nutritionally relevant milk components in dairy farming systems in the North East of England

There is increasing concern that the intensification of dairy production reduces the concentrations of nutritionally desirable compounds in milk. This study therefore compared important quality parameters (protein and fatty acid profiles; α-tocopherol and carotenoid concentrations) in milk from four dairy systems with contrasting production intensities (in terms of feeding regimens and milking systems). The concentrations of several nutritionally desirable compounds (β-lactoglobulin, omega-3 fatty acids, omega-3/omega-6 ratio, conjugated linoleic acid c9t11, and/or carotenoids) decreased with increasing feeding intensity (organic outdoor ≥ conventional outdoor ≥ conventional indoors). Milking system intensification (use of robotic milking parlors) had a more limited effect on milk composition, but increased mastitis incidence. Multivariate analyses indicated that differences in milk quality were mainly linked to contrasting feeding regimens and that milking system and breed choice also contributed to differences in milk composition between production systems.