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Wilson DS Teagle DA Alt JC Banerjee NR Umino S Miyashita S Acton GD Anma R Barr SR Belghoul A Carlut J Christie DM Coggon RM Cooper KM Cordier C Crispini L Durand SR Einaudi F Galli L Gao Y Geldmacher J Gilbert LA Hayman NW Herrero-Bervera E Hirano N Holter S Ingle S Jiang S Kalberkamp U Kerneklian M Koepke J Laverne C Vasquez HL Maclennan J Morgan S Neo N Nichols HJ Park SH Reichow MK Sakuyama T Sano T Sandwell R Scheibner B Smith-Duque CE Swift SA Tartarotti P Tikku AA Tominaga M Veloso EA 《Science (New York, N.Y.)》2006,312(5776):1016-1020
Sampling an intact sequence of oceanic crust through lavas, dikes, and gabbros is necessary to advance the understanding of the formation and evolution of crust formed at mid-ocean ridges, but it has been an elusive goal of scientific ocean drilling for decades. Recent drilling in the eastern Pacific Ocean in Hole 1256D reached gabbro within seismic layer 2, 1157 meters into crust formed at a superfast spreading rate. The gabbros are the crystallized melt lenses that formed beneath a mid-ocean ridge. The depth at which gabbro was reached confirms predictions extrapolated from seismic experiments at modern mid-ocean ridges: Melt lenses occur at shallower depths at faster spreading rates. The gabbros intrude metamorphosed sheeted dikes and have compositions similar to the overlying lavas, precluding formation of the cumulate lower oceanic crust from melt lenses so far penetrated by Hole 1256D. 相似文献
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The effects of eight plant protection chemicals on the development of vesiculararbuscular mycorrhizas were influenced by the identity of the host plant and fungal endophyte, the soil type, and the composition and concentration of the biocide. These effects ranged from stimulatory (as with the fungicide chloroneb, applied to inocula of Glomus microcarpus used with pot-grown lettuce), through negligible (aldicarb on G. mosseae in pot-grown onions and field grown barley with indigenous mycorrhizal fungi) to short-term inhibition (drazoxolon on G. mosseae in onion) and longer term inhibition (the fungicides benomyl and triadimefon on G. mosseae in onion). 相似文献
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Kamins AO Restif O Ntiamoa-Baidu Y Suu-Ire R Hayman DT Cunningham AA Wood JL Rowcliffe JM 《Biological conservation》2011,144(12):3000-3008
Harvesting, consumption and trade of bushmeat are important causes of both biodiversity loss and potential zoonotic disease emergence. In order to identify possible ways to mitigate these threats, it is essential to improve our understanding of the mechanisms by which bushmeat gets from the site of capture to the consumer’s table. In this paper we highlight the previously unrecognized scale of hunting of the African straw-colored fruit bat, Eidolon helvum, a species which is important in both ecological and public health contexts, and describe the commodity chain in southern Ghana for its trade. Based on interviews with 551 Ghanaians, including bat hunters, vendors and consumers, we estimate that a minimum of 128,000 E. helvum bats are sold each year through a commodity chain stretching up to 400 km and involving multiple vendors. Unlike the general bushmeat trade in Ghana, where animals are sold in both specialized bushmeat markets and in restaurants, E. helvum is sold primarily in marketplaces; many bats are also kept by hunters for personal consumption. The offtake estimated in this paper raises serious conservation concerns, while the commodity chain identified in this study may offer possible points for management intervention. The separation of the E. helvum commodity chain from that of other bushmeat highlights the need for species-specific research in this area, particularly for bats, whose status as bushmeat is largely unknown. 相似文献
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Elsner L Wayne J O'Brien CR McCowan C Malik R Hayman JA Globan M Lavender CJ Fyfe JA 《Journal of Feline Medicine and Surgery》2008,10(4):407-412
A 10-year-old castrated male domestic cat domiciled in eastern Victoria (Australia) was presented for a subcutaneous mass on its nasal bridge in November 2006. Cytological examination of an aspirate demonstrated pyogranulomatous inflammation. At surgery, the lesion consisted of an encapsulated mass containing viscid fluid. Histological examination of the resected lesion revealed pyogranulomatous inflammation surrounding a central zone of necrosis. Sections stained with the Ziehl-Neelsen method revealed numerous acid-fast bacilli, intracellularly within macrophages and extracellularly. Molecular studies established the infection was caused by Mycobacterium ulcerans. As histology demonstrated that the infection extended to the margin of the excised tissues, the cat was treated subsequently with clarithromycin (62.5mg orally once daily for 7 days, then twice daily for 3 months). The surgical wound healed unremarkably. The infection has not recurred at the time of writing, 1 year following discontinuation of treatment. Although M ulcerans infections have been recorded in variety of mammals, this is the first known case in a cat. 相似文献
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William H.E.J.van Wettere Karen L.Kind Kathryn L.Gatford Alyce M.Swinbourne Stephan T.Leu Peter T.Hayman Jennifer M.Kelly Alice C.Weaver David O.Kleemann Simon K.Walker 《畜牧与生物技术杂志(英文版)》2021,(3):859-876
Heat stress significantly impairs reproduction of sheep, and under current climatic conditions is a significant risk to the efficiency of the meat and wool production, with the impact increasing as global temperatures rise. Evidence from field studies and studies conducted using environmental chambers demonstrate the effects of hot temperatures(≥ 32 °C) on components of ewe fertility(oestrus, fertilisation, embryo survival and lambing) are most destructive when experienced from5 d before until 5 d after oestrus. Temperature control ed studies also demonstrate that ram fertility, as measured by rates of fertilisation and embryo survival, is reduced when mating occurs during the period 14 to 50 d post-heating. However, the contribution of the ram to heat induced reductions in flock fertility is difficult to determine accurately. Based primarily on temperature control ed studies, it is clear that sustained exposure to high temperatures(≥ 32 °C) during pregnancy reduces lamb birthweight and wil, therefore, decrease lamb survival under field conditions. It is concluded that both ewe and ram reproduction is affected by relatively modest levels of heat stress(≥ 32 °C) and this is a concern given that a significant proportion of the global sheep population experiences heat stress of this magnitude around mating and during pregnancy.Despite this, strategies to limit the impacts of the climate on the homeothermy, behaviour, resource use and reproduction of extensively grazed sheep are limited, and there is an urgency to improve knowledge and to develop husbandry practices to limit these impacts. 相似文献
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Development of a semi-nested PCR for the improved detection of Mycoplasma bovis from bovine milk and mucosal samples 总被引:3,自引:0,他引:3
A new forward primer, Mb-F, was designed to improve the sensitivity and reproducibility of the Mycoplasma bovis-specific PCR developed by Ghadersohi et al. [Vet. Microbiol. 56 (1997) 87] for testing clinical samples. A semi-nested (SN) PCR configuration was developed and this provided enhanced sensitivity and reproducibility. The detection limit of the SN PCR was in the range of 10-100cfu/ml and the correct amplicon was amplified from 9.15pg/microliter of total extracted DNA (mixture of M. bovis and bovine cellular DNA). A dot blot assay was also developed and compared with the SN PCR on a number of randomly selected milk and mucosal samples. The dot blot had the same level of detection as the SN PCR. The specificity of the SN configuration was confirmed by Southern blot analysis and automated sequencing of the PCR product. The results from the tests on the samples from cattle, together with those from sheep, provided evidence that M. bovis is host-specific and that most cattle are colonised. The assay was shown to be specific, sensitive and reproducible and could be used successfully to detect M. bovis directly from clinical material without pre-enrichment. 相似文献
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Keely AT. Wilson Anthea L. Raisis Eleanor A. Drynan Martina Mosing Guy D. Lester Jemma Hayman Giselle L. Hosgood 《Veterinary anaesthesia and analgesia》2018,45(4):467-476
Objective
To determine the agreement of invasive blood pressure measured in the facial, metatarsal and carotid arteries, and evaluate the effects of two haemodynamic conditions on agreement.Study design
Prospective randomized study.Animals
A group of eight horses aged 7 (4–23) years with a body weight of 493 ± 33 kg.Methods
Horses were anaesthetized and positioned in dorsal recumbency. Invasive blood pressure was measured simultaneously via catheters placed in the facial, metatarsal and carotid arteries. Cardiovascular function and agreement between arteries was assessed before and during administration of phenylephrine and sodium nitroprusside. These were administered until carotid mean pressure (MAPc) increased or decreased from baseline (65 ± 5) to >90 or <50 mmHg, respectively. Data recorded at each sample time included systolic (SAP), mean (MAP) and diastolic (DAP) arterial pressures for carotid (c), facial (f) and metatarsal (m) arteries as well as cardiac output () and systemic vascular resistance (SVR). Bland–Altman analysis was used to assess agreement between peripheral and central sites, and regression analysis to determine influence of and SVR.Results
The largest difference was observed in SAPc and SAPm with a bias and limits of agreement (LOA) of 2 (?15 to 19) mmHg. The bias (LOA) for MAPc and MAPf was 2 (?4 to 9) mmHg and for MAPc and MAPm was 5 (?4 to 14) mmHg. The best agreement for DAP was seen between DAPc and DAPf with bias (LOA) of 1 (?3 to 5) mmHg. Regression analysis indicated marginal influence on agreement by on MAPc and MAPf.Conclusions and clinical relevance
MAP and DAP of the carotid artery were higher than those of the peripheral arteries, which may lead to overzealous treatment of hypotension, albeit maintaining central pressures. and SVR did not largely influence the difference between sites. 相似文献10.
Effect of Pepino mosaic virus on the yield and quality of glasshouse-grown tomatoes in the UK 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
N. J. Spence J. Basham R. A. Mumford G. Hayman R. Edmondson D. R. Jones 《Plant pathology》2006,55(5):595-606
Two fully replicated trials were conducted with glasshouse-grown tomatoes, under conditions similar to commercial production, to define the impact of Pepino mosaic virus (PepMV). PepMV was not found to reduce bulk yields in these trials, but the quality of tomato fruits harvested was reduced significantly. Compared with uninoculated, PepMV-free control plants, 6·5% of fruits of PepMV-affected cv. Espero were downgraded from class 1 in trial 1. In trial 2, an average 38% of class 1 fruits from PepMV-affected cvs Espero and Encore were lost as a result of downgrading. Loss of quality was mainly a result of blotchy ripening, gold marbling, gold spot, and symptoms directly attributed to PepMV infection. PepMV infection also affected fruit size. The results are discussed in relation to the demands of multiple retailers in the UK for class 1 tomatoes only. 相似文献