半夏凝集素基因对小麦的遗传转化研究

为了拓宽农杆菌介导的小麦遗传转化的受体基因型,同时改良小麦品种的抗蚜特性,以甘肃省主推春小麦品种陇春22和优良品系9614的幼胚为转基因受体材料,以预培养4d的幼胚愈伤组织为受体,以含有半夏凝集素基因的C58c1农杆菌菌株为供体,将重组质粒pBI pta导入小麦,建立了农杆菌介导的小麦遗传转化体系。经G418 25mg.L-1抗性筛选、PCR检测共获得转基因植株7株,其中9614的4株,陇春22的3株;采用荧光定量PCR分析得出转基因植株中单拷贝的有1株,2个拷贝的1株,3个拷贝和4个拷贝的各有2株,1株没有得到扩增。对整合有2个拷贝半夏凝集素基因的陇春22-20转基因小麦的T1代植株进行了PCR检测,其中有50%的植株扩增出目的基因,50%没有扩增出目的基因,初步说明T1代植株中外源基因得到了遗传。     

农杆菌敏感小麦基因型的筛选研究

基因型是影响农杆菌转化植物的主要因素之一,筛选对农杆菌敏感的小麦基因型对于进一步提高小麦转化效率具有重要意义.利用c58C1农杆菌菌系（含GUS基因）感染不同小麦品种的幼穗和幼胚,共培养后进行X-Gluc组织化学染色检测,以筛选对农杆菌敏感的小麦基因型.结果表明,83个小麦基因型的幼穗经农杆菌感染后,GUS基因表达率66.7%～82.8%,CA9924、北农49、西农2611、京冬11等基因型对农杆菌感染比较敏感,多数基因型对农杆菌感染不敏感.80个小麦基因型的幼胚经农杆菌感染后,GUS基因表达率在10.0%以上的基因型仅占3.8%,没有GUS基因表达的基因型多达71.3%,绝大多数基因型对农杆菌感染不敏感;当幼胚与农杆菌的共培养在滤纸上进行时,97H2169、轮选208、兰考906、扬麦6号等基因型对农杆菌感染非常敏感,GUS基因表达率达到50.0%～93.3%,没有GUS基因表达的基因型下降到36.8%.表明不同小麦基因型以及相同基因型的不同外植体对农杆菌的敏感性存在着显著差异,兰考906、扬麦6号、西农2611、京冬11等基因型是农杆菌转化小麦较为理想的受体材料;滤纸上共培养方式更有利于农杆菌对小麦外植体的侵染,GUS基因表达率平均比固体培养基共培养方式高16.6个百分点.     

小麦基因转化研究进展

为了给小麦遗传转化研究提供参考,总结和分析了小麦基因转化的最新研究进展,并针对存在的主要问题提出了今后的研究方向.目前在小麦表达载体构建中普遍采用Ubi和在35S基础上改造而来的启动子序列,使用的报告基因主要有gus、uidA、gfp和Cl/LC等,选择基因主要有bar、nptⅡ、manA(pmi)、Cah、gst27、mopat、popat、CP4和GOX,筛选剂一般选用Bialaphos、Glufosinate、G418和Glyphosate等.小麦基因转化的主要受体为幼胚及其愈伤组织,转化方法主要有花粉管通道法、基因枪法和农杆菌介导法.受体类型、表达载体序列组成和基因转化方法是影响小麦基因转化效率的主要因素.     

小麦成熟胚组织培养及遗传转化研究进展

小麦成熟胚转化体系的建立对促进小麦基因工程研究和功能基因组研究具有重要意义.小麦成熟胚具有取材方便、不受季节限制等优点,已成功应用于小麦组织培养及遗传转化研究,可望取代幼胚成为小麦遗传转化的方便受体.本文就目前小麦成熟胚组织培养及遗传转化研究进行了综述,目的是为进一步建立和完善小麦成熟胚再生体系和转化体系提供参考.目前国内外采用较多的小麦成熟胚培养方式主要有完整成熟胚培养、胚乳支撑成熟胚培养、成熟胚刮碎培养和成熟胚切割培养等.对培养基中激素种类、浓度配比的优化也进行了较多研究,并取得了一定结果.利用基因枪轰击法和农杆菌介导法转化小麦成熟胚均成功获得了转基因植株,证明小麦成熟胚及其愈伤组织作为受体进行遗传转化研究具有可行性.     

农杆菌介导的小麦幼胚遗传转化体系的优化

为了优化农杆菌介导的小麦幼胚转化体系,通过对4个小麦品种河农827、石新828、河农825、良星99的幼胚组织培养及再生系统的研究表明,在改良培养基MSW1和MSW2中,小麦幼胚胚性愈伤组织诱导率与MSW0培养基相比分别提高了6.0%和5.4%,并且显著提高了植株再生能力。采用混合正交试验设计,对农杆菌遗传转化过程中小麦幼胚的诱导培养基、诱导时间、农杆菌侵染浓度、侵染时间进行了优化。结果表明,在诱导培养基MSW2,诱导培养6d,OD660=1,侵染时间3h时,愈伤GUS瞬时表达率及抗性愈伤成活率最高,对河农827成活的抗性再生植株进行PCR检测,获得了候选转基因植株。     

根癌农杆菌介导小麦成熟胚遗传转化影响因素的研究

为了进一步完善根癌农杆菌介导的小麦遗传转化体系,以小麦成熟胚为转化受体,研究了根癌农杆菌介导法转化小麦的主要影响因素,结果表明,以gus基因瞬时表达率、抗性愈伤组织获得率和分化率为转化指标,小麦成熟胚在预培养基CM4C1P上预培养14d后,用侵染培养液Ⅰ侵染3 h,再经干燥共培养方式处理3 d,是根癌农杆菌介导成熟胚转化的合适条件.在优化条件下,转化约30 d后GUS稳定表达的愈伤组织数占受体组织总数的15.83%;GUS稳定表达的抗选择剂G418的植株数占受体组织总数的0.28%.     

农杆菌介导大豆遗传转化技术的研究进展

农杆菌介导是大豆遗传转化的主要手段.该文从受体基因型及外植体选择、菌株筛选及载体改造、标记基因选用和添加剂应用等方面,介绍了近年来对农杆菌介导大豆遗传转化方法所做的改进,分析了存在问题,展望了近期发展方向.     

农杆菌介导的大豆转基因研究进展

植物基因工程是大豆遗传改良的的重要途径.近几年来转基因植物与日俱增,转化方法也得到了快速的发展.本文综述了农杆菌介导的大豆遗传转化体系及其优缺点,分析了影响转化效率的因素,介绍了农杆菌介导的转基因大豆研究成果.通过对不同方法的比较,结果表明农杆菌介导法是目前大豆转基因中发展较为成熟的方法,但转化体系有待于进一步的优化,从而提高转化率.     

根癌农杆菌介导的大麦幼胚遗传转化影响因素研究

为建立和优化根癌农杆菌介导的大麦遗传转化体系,以大麦幼胚为转化受体,研究了根癌农杆菌介导法转化大麦的主要影响因素。结果表明,以gus基因瞬时表达率、抗性愈伤组织诱导率为转化指标,筛选出了对大麦幼胚感染力比较强的农杆菌菌株EHA105,以及高敏感受体基因型甘啤4号和秀81-47等。实验结果还表明,预培养1 d的大麦幼胚具有较高的瞬时表达率(91%),是较好的转化受体。菌液侵染浓度OD600=0.5,侵染时间为30 min时转化效率最高。在此基础上,侵染后幼胚与农杆菌采用液体共培养方式可明显提高转化效率,gus基因瞬时表达率最高可达90%。在优化条件下,转化约30 d后抗选择剂潮霉素(Hyg)的愈伤组织占受体组织总数的34.2%。     

根癌农杆菌介导的高粱遗传转化体系的建立

用高粱幼穗诱导的愈伤组织与农杆菌共培养,成功地实现了农杆菌介导的高粱遗传转化,并筛选得到了转基因再生植株.经过PCR和Southern杂交,均已证实了外援基因已导入和整合到植物体中.得到的部分转基因植株,经过抗虫鉴定表明,具有很强的抗虫性.高粱遗传转化过程中最佳预培养时间是3～5 d,最适宜的菌液浓度为OD600值＝0.5～0.7,共培养培养基的最佳pH值是5.2～5.6,最佳温度为22～25 ℃,最佳共培养时间是3 d.100 μmol/L乙酰丁香酮对提高高粱愈伤组织遗传转化有非常显著的效果.     

玉米转基因育种回顾

自从1990年首次获得可育的玉米转化体以来,转基因玉米研究与产业化取得飞速发展。应用转基因技术培育了一批抗除草剂、抗虫、抗病、抗逆、优质的转基因材料,转基因玉米生产已实现产业化。本文就近年来玉米转基因研究在转化技术体系、影响因素、筛选、鉴定等方面的进展做一概述,并就有关问题提出建议。     

基因枪法介导转人工合成Rs-AFP2基因小麦的获得和检测

萝卜（Raphanus sativus）抗菌肽Rs—AFP2在体外强烈抑制小麦赤霉病菌（Fusarium graminenrum）、黄色镰孢菌（Fusarium culmorum）、烟草赤星病（Alternaria longipes）的菌丝生长。为了研究Rs-AFP2在小麦抗病育种上的应用潜力,人工合成了Rs-AFP2基因。通过基因重组技术（包括限制性内切酶酶切和连接）,将人工合成的R以FP2基因替代单子叶高效组成型表达栽体pAHC25中的GUS基因,构建了R￡AFP2基因的单子叶高效表达栽体pUAFP2。该栽体除携带受Ubiquitin启动子控制的Rs-AFP2基因表达盒外,还具有1个受Ubiqutin启动子控制的Bar基因表达盒,后者可为后续利用除草剂Bialaphos筛选转化再生植株提供抗性;采用基因枪法轰击小麦品种扬麦12、济麦19、晋麦47和豫麦34幼胚共4042个,经过2～3次Bialaphos筛选,最终获得扬麦12再生植株316株;利用高效表达栽体pUAFP2的Bar和Rs-AFP2基因的特异引物对上述成活的转化植株进行PCR检测,获得Bar和Rs-AFP2基因均为阳性的植株58株,转化率为1．43％。     

转基因技术在大豆育种中的应用

获得转基因植株是植物基因工程的基础,但是由于转化效率较低,在转基因的过程中通常需要一个有效筛选细胞和组织的手段,于是选择标记基因被广泛应用.然而,选择标记基因的使用,存在生物安全性和环境安全性隐患.因此,建立一个安全高效稳定的大豆转化体系,是改善大豆产量、品质、抗逆能力,培育新型大豆品种的保障.该文综述了新型标记基因在...     

转ABP9基因冬小麦的抗旱性评价

为了解转ABP9基因冬小麦材料的抗旱性,在雨养和灌溉条件下,对32份转ABP9冬小麦株系及其受体亲本石4185的主要农艺性状和抽穗期部分生理指标进行了测定,并采用隶属函数值法和抗旱性度量(D)值法对其抗旱性进行了综合评价,利用灰色关联度法对相关抗旱性状与抗旱指数之间的关联度进行了分析。结果表明,采用隶属函数值法和D值法评价时,分别有6和10份转基因小麦材料的抗旱性较受体亲本石4185增强。各农艺性状和生理指标依照与抗旱指数的关联度从高到低依次为单穗粒重、结实小穗数、千粒重、穗粒数、叶绿素含量、POD活性、MDA含量、SOD活性、株高、有效分蘖。因此,在对转ABP9基因抗旱小麦进行鉴定筛选时,应主要以单穗粒重、结实小穗数、千粒重、穗粒数等农艺性状作为参考,适当考虑生理指标的影响;由于不同指标或性状对小麦抗旱性的贡献不同,采用抗旱性度量值较平均隶属函数值进行抗旱性综合评价更为可靠。     

Phosphomannose isomerase,pmi, as a selectable marker gene for durum wheat transformation

Transgene technology provides a powerful tool for developing traits that are otherwise difficult to achieve through conventional methods. The development of transgenic plants requires the use of selectable marker genes, as the efficiency of plant transformation is less than optimal for many important species, especially for monocots such as durum wheat (Triticum turgidum var. durum). Many concerns have been expressed about the persistence of currently used marker genes in plants used for field cultivation. To sustain further progress in this area, alternative efficient selection methods are desirable. A recent development is the use of selective genes that give transformed cells a metabolic advantage (positive selection) compared to untransformed cells, which are slowly starved with a concomitant reduction in growth and viability. This selection strategy is in contrast to traditional negative selections during which the transgenic cells are able to survive on a selective medium whereas the non-transgenic cells are actively killed by the selective agent. We compared the ‘selection efficiency’ of a commonly used negative selection method that employs the Streptomyces hygroscopicus bar gene to confer resistance to the herbicide bialaphos, to a positive selection employing the Escherichia coli phosphomannose isomerase (pmi) gene as the selectable gene and mannose as the selective agent. Calli derived from immature embryos of the durum wheat cultivar Svevo were bombarded separately with bar and pmi genes using a biolistic system. The integration and expression of the two genes in the T₀ generation were confirmed by PCR analysis with specific primers for each gene and the chlorophenol red assay, respectively. The selection efficiency, calculated as the number of expressing plants divided by the number of total regenerants, was higher when pmi was used as the selectable marker gene (90.1%) than when bar was used (26.4%). Thus, an efficient selection method for durum wheat transformation was established that obviates the use of herbicide résistance genes.     

Ornamental Plant Transformation

Abstract

Ornamental plant transformation has advanced considerably in the last decade. Now over 40 genera have been reported to be transformed. The primary methods of creating transgenic ornamental species have been Agrobacterium tumefaciens-medmtedtransformation and microprojectile bombardment. The vast majority of reports indicate the use of Agrobacteriummedmtedtransformation employing binary vectors and virhelper plasmids or supervirulence genes. Many reports are of transformation with the uidA reporter gene driven by the 35S cauliflower mosaic virus promoter, but recent efforts are now focusing on trait genes including disease resistance, flower color, flower longevity, floral scent and plant habit. Greater use of tissue specific and inducible promoters promises to enhance the functionality and usefulness of introduced trait genes. While technical challenges for production of transgenic ornamental plants still exist, the greatest challenges to realizing the potential benefits of transgenic ornamental plants are questionable public acceptance of transgenic plants and the prohibitive costs of generating environmental impact data needed to gain regulatory clearance.     

A transgenic durum wheat line that is free of marker genes and expresses 1Dy10

As currently practiced, genetic engineering of monocots requires the use of selective agents, such as herbicides and antibiotics, and marker genes for resistance to favor the multiplication of the initially transformed cells. In the present paper we have used “minimal gene cassettes” and positive selection to generate transgenic durum wheat lines free of herbicide and antibiotic resistance marker genes. Two biolistic transformation experiments were carried out using three “minimal gene cassettes” consisting of linear DNA fragments each excised from the source plasmids. The targeted trait genes were two bread wheat sequences encoding the Dx5 and Dy10 high-molecular-weight (HMW) glutenin subunits, which have been associated with superior bread-making quality and which are absent from durum wheats. The positive selectable marker was the Escherichia coli phosphomannose isomerase (pmi) gene, whose product catalyzes the reversible interconversion of mannose-6-phosphate and fructose-6-phosphate, allowing plant cells to utilize mannose as a carbon source. PCR assays of genomic DNA from regenerated plants identified 15 T₀ plants that contained the pmi marker gene for an overall transformation efficiency of 1.5%, which is similar to biolistic transformation efficiencies of durum wheat with intact circular plasmids. Line TC-52, which initially contained pmi, non-expressed 1Dx5, and expressed 1Dy10 HMW glutenin subunit transgenes, was further investigated. PCR was used to follow inheritance of the pmi marker gene and 1Dx5 from the T₁ to T₃ generations. Transgene expression was monitored by the chlorophenol-red assay for pmi and SDS-PAGE of seed proteins for 1Dy10. From these analyses, we observed that the 1Dy10, 1Dx5 and pmi transgenes were not linked, allowing us in the T₃ generation to identify 1Dy10 transgenic segregants that contained no marker or silent 1Dx5 transgenes. Homozygotes containing and expressing only the 1Dy10 transgene were identified in the T₄ generation. These experiments show that it is possible to combine biolistic transformation by minimal gene cassettes with genetic segregation to make marker-free transgenic wheat plants with new traits.     

转抗除草剂基因小麦植株的筛选方法研究

为了降低小麦转bar基因时产生较高比例的假阳性植株,采用测定T0代转基因植株叶片释放NH4 浓度和对T1代植株喷施Basta除草剂等辅助筛选方法,建立了简便有效的转bar基因小麦筛选体系。研究结果表明,2叶期和5叶期叶片释放的NH4 浓度与bar基因PCR检测结果呈极显著相关,相关系数分别为0.86和0.75。对391株T0代再生植株进行叶片释放NH4 浓度测定,筛选到34株转基因植株,其中27株为bar基因的PCR检测所证实。用100 mg/L Basta除草剂对381株T0代植株的后代(3 800余株)进行喷施筛选,根据后代抗性分离筛选到13株T0代阳性植株,与PCR检测结果吻合度达到100%。这两种方法可用于以bar基因为选择标记基因的转基因植株的筛选。     

农杆菌介导小麦成熟胚愈伤组织的遗传转化研究

为建立和优化小麦成熟胚愈伤组织遗传转化体系,以筛选出的适合小麦成熟胚组织培养再生的普通小麦山农2618为材料,采用农杆菌介导法对其成熟胚愈伤组织进行转化,对影响转化效率的因素如侵染菌液的浓度、侵染时间、超声波处理、真空处理等进行了研究.结果表明,这些因素对小麦成熟胚遗传转化效率有很大影响.菌液侵染浓度OD600为0.8、侵染时间为60 min时转化效率最高.在此基础上辅以超声波处理、真空处理可明显提高转化效率,最高转化率可达8.1%.对转化愈伤组织和转化植株分别进行GUS染色和PCR检测,结果表明外源基因已整合到小麦基因组中.