永寿县沙棘人工林生长规律初探

本文对永寿县沙棘良种选育基地试验区人工沙棘林单株树高、 30 cm处直径进行了系统的研究 ,结果表明 :1.沙棘 30 cm处直径和树高的速生期一般都出现在第 2～ 5年 ,连年生长量高峰期出现在 3～ 4年之间 ,平均生长量的最大值出现在第 4～ 5年之间。 2 .分别对沙棘树高、 30 cm处直径与树龄进行回归分析 ,得出了沙棘树高、30 cm处直径的生长模型和树冠的生长模型 :D0 .3 0 =10 ( 0 .8774- 1.92 0 1/A) 、H =- 0 .2 784 + 0 .6 2 89A- 0 .0 30 9A2、Cw=1.6 43× 10 0 .2 2 9- 0 .5 3 89/A。     

辽宁西部地区营造沙棘人工林防护效能的调查研究

通过对辽西地区大面积沙棘人工林的调查和定位观测,沙棘人工林具有良好的防护效能.据测定,沙棘枯枝落叶的持水率290%,树冠截雨率49%;沙棘的初渗速度比荒山提高42%,土壤水分提高12.9个百分点;4～7年生沙棘林年平均减少径流40388.9m3/km2,减少泥沙流失量1001.83t/km2;沙棘林地表层土壤容重比荒坡减少2.2%,土壤团粒提高4.72%,沙棘林土壤有机质、全氮、速效氮、全磷、速效磷等含量明显高于荒坡对照区.同时,沙棘果实具有很高的经济价值,已被广泛的开发利用,因此沙棘已被誉为集生态、经济、社会效益于一身的重要生态经济林树种.     

沙棘改善环境的生态功能及效益试验研究

为在黄土高原大面积建造植被、控制水土流失、发展经济 ,笔者于 1975～ 2 0 0 2年的 2 8年间 ,在半干旱黄土区的吴旗、安塞和固原县进行了沙棘和环境关系的研究。试验结果表明 ,沙棘具有特殊的生理生态和形态解剖学特性 ,沙棘具有较高的水分利用效率 ,其值为 1.2 1～ 1.53g·m- 2·mm- 1,是荒山植被的 3.1～ 5.8倍。沙棘耗水较经济 ,在半干旱的黄土区荒山种植 ,它能有效地利用水、土资源。测定沙棘水势较低 ,蒸腾强度较稳定 ,蒸腾耗水较大 ,吸水量较大 ,束缚水和束缚水与自由水比值较高。观察沙棘叶和根的形态解剖学特性看出沙棘耐干旱、耐水湿和调节蒸腾作用较强。沙棘在半干旱黄土区改善环境的生态功能明显。沙棘通过其茂密的林冠层、林下草被层、枯枝落叶层和发达的根系层形成良好的水分生态环境和森林生态结构 ,对林下小气候、土壤水分、养分及生物多样性有良好影响。与荒坡测定对比 ,第 2、 3和 4龄沙棘林地 ,径流量分别减少 6 6 .2 %、 6 5.9%和 78.2 % ,土壤侵蚀量分别减少 39%、 37.8%和 4 7%。 5龄以上的沙棘林 ,一般无侵蚀沟和滑坡发生。沙棘是适应黄土高原的优良树种 ,具明显的生态、经济和社会效益。     

俄罗斯优良沙棘育苗及栽培技术

通过对俄罗斯沙棘品种的引种栽培实践, 提出了适于区域推广的俄罗斯沙棘主栽品种以及繁殖方法和栽培技术, 俄罗斯沙棘栽植株行距为3m×2m、4m×2m、4m×2 5m, 栽植株数1000~1667 株/hm2,雌雄株比例8∶2或9∶1, 为生产上提供了可靠的科学依据。     

基于流固耦合的离心泵蜗壳振动特性优化

针对具有超厚叶片的离心泵叶轮与蜗壳匹配问题,采用双向耦合方法对3种蜗壳结构产生的振动位移和振动速度进行了数值模拟。计算结果表明,由于叶轮与隔舌之间的流场动静干涉作用,蜗壳受到交替的激振力作用,在不同时刻振动位移和振动速度分布呈周期性变化;蜗壳基圆直径与叶轮直径的比值D3/D2对蜗壳振动有明显的影响,当D3/D2≤1.013时,超厚叶片出口压力诱导蜗壳振动强烈;当D3/D2逐渐增大时,蜗壳振动明显减弱。在设计工况下,方案A（D3/D2=1.013）振动位移最大值为4.288×10-6m,振动速度最大值为8.547×10-4m/s;方案C（D3/D2=1.19）振动位移最大值为2.923×10-6m,振动速度最大值为5.253×10-4m/s;优选方案B（D3/D2=1.13）的振动最小,其位移和速度最大值分别为2.56×10-6m和4.823×10-4m/s,仅约为方案A的60%。该结果也验证了径向力的作用规律与蜗壳振动特性的直接关联性。     

不同经营措施对冰砬山森林公园落叶松生长量和生物量的影响

本文在区域样地调查基础上,通过解析木分析,比较了不同经营措施对落叶松种群生物量和生长量的影响.结果表明,4种经营措施中,人工林透光抚育对落叶松林幼龄林时期的树高、胸径和材积的生长都有着较好的促进作用;疏伐抚育模式在落叶松林进入速生时期后,很好地调节主要树种之间的矛盾,达到促进保留木的生长、提高落叶松林分质量的作用;而在落叶松中龄林时期人工林生长抚育伐能够及时调整林分密度,保证林木有一定的营养空间,加速了林木的直径生长和材积生长;同时,透光抚育、生长抚育和疏伐方式都有助于落叶松林下生物物种的生长,可以增加林下物种的多样性和丰富度.     

不同经营措施对冰砬山森林公园落叶松生长量和生物量的影响

本文在区域样地调查基础上,通过解析木分析,比较了不同经营措施对落叶松种群生物量和生长量的影响。结果表明,4种经营措施中,人工林透光抚育对落叶松林幼龄林时期的树高、胸径和材积的生长都有着较好的促进作用;疏伐抚育模式在落叶松林进入速生时期后,很好地调节主要树种之间的矛盾,达到促进保留木的生长、提高落叶松林分质量的作用;而在落叶松中龄林时期人工林生长抚育伐能够及时调整林分密度,保证林木有一定的营养空间,加速了林木的直径生长和材积生长;同时,透光抚育、生长抚育和疏伐方式都有助于落叶松林下生物物种的生长,可以增加林下物种的多样性和丰富度。     

煤矿复垦区沙棘人工林土壤水分时空分布特征研究

【目的】探明煤矿复垦区沙棘人工林土壤水分时空分布特征,促进人工林培育过程中的水分管理。【方法】以鄂尔多斯市煤矿复垦区沙棘人工林为研究对象,开展了不同林龄的中国沙棘和大果沙棘人工林土壤水分时空分布特征研究。【结果】①随着林龄的增加,中国沙棘和大果沙棘林地土壤水分呈"减小-增加-减小"趋势;不同林龄中国沙棘和大果沙棘林地土壤水分存在显著差异(P<0.05),其中6 a林龄的中国沙棘林地土壤水分显著高于其他林龄林地土壤水分(P<0.05),3 a林龄的大果沙棘林地土壤水分显著高于其他林龄林地土壤水分(P<0.05)。②在0～100 cm土层中,6 a林龄的中国沙棘各土层之间土壤水分差异不显著,其余林龄中国沙棘和大果沙棘林地各土层之间土壤水分均存在显著差异(P<0.05)。③中国沙棘林地随着距树干距离的增加土壤水分呈增加趋势,大果沙棘林地随着距树干距离的增加土壤水分呈减小趋势。【结论】煤矿复垦区沙棘林地土壤水分差异较大,生产中需要根据具体的林龄、树木品种和土壤空间差异,采取适宜的水分管理措施。     

砒砂岩区人工沙棘林盖度对林下植被的影响

为了探讨砒砂岩地区沙棘林木覆盖度对沙棘林下草本植被的影响效果,文章对内蒙古自治区鄂尔多斯砒砂岩区不同覆盖度沙棘人工林对林下植被的影响进行了调查研究,通过对林下植被的盖度、生物量、物种多样性的结果分析,从造林对林下草本植被良性影响角度考虑,砒砂岩区沙棘林的覆盖度应该以20％-25％为宜。     

黄土高原中部沙棘与秋胡颓子光合参数之异同

用LI-6400光合仪全面系统测定了黄土高原中部人工沙棘林和秋胡颓子林的各种光合生理指标,主要结果为:两树种叶片光强响应曲线暗呼吸速率、表观量子效率、最大光合速率、光补偿点及光饱和点数值分别为:-3.677μmol·CO2·m-2·s-1、-1.715μmol·CO2·m-2·s-1,0.0517mol·mol-1、0...     

Overland water and salt flows in a set of rice paddies

Cultivation of paddy rice in semiarid areas of the world faces problems related to water scarcity. This paper aims at characterizing water use in a set of paddies located in the central Ebro basin of Spain using experimentation and computer simulation. A commercial field with six interconnected paddies, with a total area of 5.31 ha, was instrumented to measure discharge and water quality at the inflow and at the runoff outlet. The soil was classified as a Typic Calcixerept, and was characterized by a mild salinity (2.5 dS m⁻¹) and an infiltration rate of 5.8 mm day⁻¹. The evolution of flow depth at all paddies was recorded. Data from the 2002 rice-growing season was elaborated using a mass balance approach to estimate the infiltration rate and the evolution of discharge between paddies. Seasonal crop evapotranspiration, estimated with the surface renewal method, was 731 mm (5.1 mm day⁻¹), very similar to that of other summer cereals grown in the area, like corn. The irrigation input was 1874 mm, deep percolation was 830 mm and surface runoff was 372 mm. Irrigation efficiency was estimated as 41%. The quality of surface runoff water was slightly degraded due to evapoconcentration and to the contact with the soil. During the period 2001–2003, the electrical conductivity of surface runoff water was 54% higher than that of irrigation water. However, the runoff water was suitable for irrigation. A mechanistic mass balance model of inter-paddy water flow permitted to conclude that improvements in irrigation efficiency cannot be easily obtained in the experimental conditions. Since deep percolation losses more than double surface runoff losses, a reduction in irrigation discharge would not have much room for efficiency improvement. Simulations also showed that rice irrigation performance was not negatively affected by the fluctuating inflow hydrograph. These hydrographs are typical of turnouts located at the tail end of tertiary irrigation ditches. In fact, these are the sites where rice has been historically cultivated in the study area, since local soils are often saline-sodic and can only grow paddy rice taking advantage of the low salinity of the irrigation water. The low infiltration rate characteristic of these saline-sodic soils (an experimental value of 3.2 mm day⁻¹ was obtained) combined with a reduced irrigation discharge resulted in a simulated irrigation efficiency of 60%. Paddy rice irrigation efficiency can attain reasonable values in the local saline-sodic soils, where the infiltration rate is clearly smaller than the average daily rice evapotranspiration.     

瓦房店市水果生产标准化发展研究

瓦房店市是我国重要的水果生产基地,在国内水果生产领域占有重要地位。随着水果市场化的不断深入,如何满足和适应国内外市场需求成为瓦房店市水果生产的关键问题。从瓦房店市水果生产实际出发,阐述了实施水果生产标准化的必要性,提出了发展水果生产标准化的具体措施。     

金谷子耐旱TG118引种试种及推广应用

对引进的谷子新品种金谷子耐旱TG118进行品种比较试验和多点试种。结果表明：该品种抗旱、耐瘠、适应性强,稳产、高产、抗病抗风抗倒伏强,品质优良,粮草兼用,种植简单,省工易管;一般产量在6000kg/hm2以上,比当地主栽品种增产20%以上。最高产量达9450kg/hm2,适于在辽西北地区推广应用。     

对《种子法》存在问题的探讨

《种子法》是我国种植业第一部法律。自实施以来,为依法加强种子管理提供了有力的法律支撑,促进我国种子产业发生翻天覆地的变化。但随着依法管理工作的深入和种子产业的快速发展,《种子法》及配套规章的一些问题逐步显现出来。对《种子法》及配套规章存在的问题进行深入分析,对需要进一步补充的章节以及需要调整的内容进行深入探讨,以求更加完善和明确。     

Review of the Egyptian experience in implementing land drainage projects

About 30 years have passed since the Government of Egypt embarked on implementing a series of large scale drainage projects. At present, about 3.8 million acres have been provided with drainage systems on the basis of systematic pre-drainage investigations and designs. The target is to provide drains in approximately 6.4 million acres in the Nile Valley and Delta.The implementation of the subsurface drainage system is carried out by the public sector and private contractors under direct supervision of governmental regional departments. The implementation process depends on many factors related to the drainage material, machinery, manpower, site requirements, farmers and organizations involved. Problems and constraints are sometimes challenging, however, the annual rate of implementation has gradually increased to 170,000 acre/year.This paper discusses the different aspects involved in the implementation process of drainage systems. The development in materials, machinery and construction technologies will be reviewed. Institutional and management factors are going to be also considered.     

和谐社会理论建设的几点哲学思考

在新世纪,面对机遇和挑战,党的十六大把“社会更加和谐”作为全面建设更高水平的小康社会的一个重要目标。中国人素有社会和谐的理想;西方人自古也向往社会和谐;借鉴东西方两种和谐社会思想的经验、教训,构建社会主义和谐社会理论。     

A European irrigation map for spatially distributed agricultural modelling

We present a pan-European irrigation map based on regional European statistics, a European land use map and a global irrigation map. The map provides spatial information on the distribution of irrigated areas per crop type which allows determining irrigated areas at the level of spatial modelling units. The map is a requirement for a European scale assessment of the impacts of irrigated agriculture on water resources based on spatially distributed modelling of crop growth and water balance. The irrigation map was compiled in a two step procedure. First, irrigated areas were distributed to potentially irrigated crops at a regional level (European statistical regions NUTS3), combining Farm Structure Survey (FSS) data on irrigated area, crop-specific irrigated area for crops whenever available, and total crop area. Second, crop-specific irrigated area was distributed within each statistical region based on the crop distribution given in our land use map. A global map of irrigated areas with a 5′ resolution was used to further constrain the distribution within each NUTS3 based on the density of irrigated areas. The constrained distribution of irrigated areas as taken from statistics to a high resolution dataset enables us to estimate irrigated areas for various spatial entities, including administrative, natural and artificial units, providing a reasonable input scenario for large-scale distributed modelling applications. The dataset bridges a gap between global datasets and detailed regional data on the distribution of irrigated areas and provides information for various assessments and modelling applications.     

粉质仪和拉伸仪在面粉生产中的应用

在介绍粉质仪和拉伸仪结构和原理的基础上,探讨了粉质曲线中吸水率、形成时间、稳定时间、弱化度和评价值等指标与面粉品质的关系,以及如何根据拉伸曲线中面团最大拉伸阻力、延伸度和拉伸曲线面积等指标来评价面团品质,并结合生产实际,概述了粉质仪和拉伸仪在面粉生产中的作用。     

农村信息化服务的现状及建设措施

分析当前我国农村信息化服务的现状,提出加强农村信息化服务的新举措。     

车辆ABS控制算法的研究及探讨

对现代汽车的ABS控制算法作了一些简单的介绍,同时指出了它们的一些缺陷,相应地提出了几种对ABS的其它控制方法并加以探讨,其中着重论述了ABS门限值控制算法中参考车速的确定方法和基于附着系数的控制算法。