生态友好型抑尘剂的制备及性能

为控制中国北方裸露农田土壤风蚀,改善城市环境质量,该文以盐地碱蓬籽饼为主要原料,以十二烷基苯磺酸钠、羧甲基纤维素钠、聚乙烯醇等为辅料,经生物改性,制备了一种生态友好型抑尘剂并研究了其保湿性、水稳定性、抗风蚀性等性能以及该抑尘剂对种子出苗率及农田土壤土质的影响。结果表明,该抑尘剂喷洒后易形成团粒结构,可起到保护表层土壤的作用;在25℃时,黏度可高达到55.1 mPa·s,常温下使用时具有较好的黏结性能;保湿时间可以延长至72 h以上,具有良好的保湿性;能够抗击4次雨水冲蚀,具有较好的水稳性;单位面积土壤颗粒累积损失量小于0.7 g/m2,抑尘效率提高了99%以上;可增加土壤中植物生长所需的一些营养成分,可提高作物出苗率,促进作物生长;每平方米的使用成本约为0.5元。该文可为今后抑尘剂研究与实践提供参考。     

基于泰森多边形的南京市PM2.5时空特征及其与土地利用的相关性研究

[目的]分析南京市PM2.5时空分异规律,探讨PM2.5浓度变化与土地利用的关系,为南京市生态保护和空气污染治理决策提供依据。[方法]基于南京市2013年12个月的日均PM2.5浓度数据以及2013年土地利用数据,利用泰森多边形将南京市划分为9个研究区域,以月、季、年为时间尺度,对各个研究区内的PM2.5浓度的时空特征以及与土地利用的关系进行分析。[结果]时间上,南京市PM2.5浓度冬季呈现最高,达到129.93μg/m^3,夏季最低,达到44.65μg/m^3。空间上,迈皋桥和瑞金路监测区片年均浓度最高,达到78.90和78.56μg/m^3,仙林大学城和中华门监测区片年均PM2.5浓度最低,为72.09和72.64μg/m^3。在与土地利用类型的相关性分析中,与水域用地的相关性较强,春夏秋呈现正相关,冬季呈现负相关;年均PM2.5浓度与5种土地利用类型成不同程度的负相关。[结论]南京市PM2.5浓度具有明显的时空分异规律,土地利用类型对PM2.5浓度变化具有重要影响。     

民勤绿洲不同耕作方式农田表层土壤风蚀规律的风洞模拟研究

[目的]比较分析不同耕作方式下农田表层土壤防风蚀机理和效果,为区域社会经济和生态环境建设提供科学依据。[方法]利用室内风洞及相关配套设备对甘肃民勤绿洲区的免耕、少耕、秋翻和深松农田表层土壤进行风蚀测试,计算风蚀速率及输沙率,研究其风沙运动规律,分析各种耕作农田表层土壤防风蚀情况。[结果]耕作措施对土壤风蚀速率的影响与风速大小相关,风速较小时,不同耕作方式对风速的影响差异不显著,而当风速大于14 m/s后不同耕作农田表层土壤风蚀速率开始出现较明显差异;少耕、秋翻、深松等耕作方式对农田表层土壤风蚀速率和输沙率的影响差异不明显;免耕耕作方式下农田表层土壤风蚀速率和输沙率最低,风速越高,差距越大;风速、耕作以及两者交互作用对农田表层土壤风蚀速率和输沙率有极显著影响。[结论]免耕耕作能有效抵抗农田表层土壤的风蚀,大幅度减少输沙率,表现出极佳的抗风蚀效果。     

福建省建瓯市地质灾害发育特征及形成机制

[目的]分析建瓯市地质灾害发育特征及成因,以便进一步做好建瓯市地质灾害防灾减灾工作。[方法]在区域地质灾害详细调查的基础上,分析建瓯市地质灾害的发育类型、规模、分布以及危害性等特征,总结区内地质灾害的发育规律。针对地质灾害的地形条件、地层岩性以及典型致灾土体的土工试验研究,结合对典型灾害点的讨论分析,确定建瓯市地质灾害的形成机制及土体抗剪强度特征。[结果](1)建瓯市地质灾害以小规模滑坡为主,数量众多,普遍表现为表层堆积土顺基岩面滑塌的发育特点;(2)区内地质灾害多发的原因是由于多期次构造运动导致岩体破碎,易构成不稳定结构面组合,加之表层风化土体抗剪强度较低,在人为切坡及强降雨条件诱发下,导致了斜坡的变形破坏。[结论]建瓯市地质环境条件较差,不合理的切坡易诱发滑坡。     

农牧交错带土地利用类型对土壤风蚀的影响

[目的]研究农牧交错带不同土地利用类型对土壤风蚀的影响,为干旱沙区土地资源的合理利用及经营耕作提供科学依据。[方法]通过气象资料和野外风蚀试验,分析该区不同土地利用方式下的土壤风蚀状况。[结果]不同土地利用类型对土壤风蚀的影响显著,在不同利用类型的人工草地中羊草地较苜蓿地减蚀效果显著,天然草地中滨草地减蚀效果优于蒿草地,人工草地较天然草地显著降低土壤风蚀量。农田用地中耕翻地土壤风蚀量最高,未留茬免耕玉米地较耕翻地风蚀量减少46.7%~48.6%;作物留茬地土壤减蚀效果显著,且留茬作物不同,减蚀效果差异明显,玉米留茬较耕翻地风蚀量减少了58.1%~63.5%,荞麦留茬较耕翻地减蚀率为50.5%~54.6%。在不同地形坡地中迎风坡风蚀量高于背风坡3.12~3.73倍。[结论]应在该地区适宜增加人工草地种植面积,减少冬春季节耕翻地面积,减少迎风坡土地的开垦利用,在冬春季节采取地表覆盖或者作物收获后留茬的保护措施,以降低土壤风蚀程度。     

重庆市森林的滞尘效应及净化大气功能

[目的]研究和比较重庆市主要森林(阔叶混交林、针阔混交林、柏木林、针叶混交林和落叶松林)的滞尘效应和净化大气功能,为重庆市森林生态系统的保护和预警提供科学依据。[方法]针对重庆市主要森林类型所提供的负离子、滞尘、吸收和转化的大气污染物,开展连续3 a的动态监测。[结果]重庆市不同森林滞尘能力差异显著(p0.05),年平均滞尘量基本表现为:阔叶混交林针阔混交林柏木林针叶混交林落叶松林;叶面尘中滞留的颗粒物中大多数是TSP(总悬浮微粒),同时不同林分对PM_(10)和PM_(2.5)均有一定量的吸收,降尘物中PM_(2.5),PM_(10)和TSP相对含量均以阔叶混交林最高;不同林分降尘粒径主要分布在2.5～100μm,叶面降尘中颗粒物粒径集中分布在100μm以下(占99%以上);不同林分负氧离子和正氧离子数均表现为:阔叶混交林落叶松林针阔混交林针叶混交林柏木林。不同林分滞尘价值量、吸收SO_2价值量、吸收HF价值量和吸收NO_x价值量依次表现为:阔叶混交林落叶松林针阔混交林针叶混交林柏木林。[结论]重庆市阔叶混交林粉尘污染状况较为严重,但同时阔叶混交林具有较高的净化大气功能。     

自然及管理因素对伊犁河谷草地土壤水分动态的影响

[目的]研究自然及管理因素下草地土壤水分变化特征,为退化草地的生态恢复提供科学参考。[方法]通过定点监测12个坡面小区,利用TDR水分测定仪及其探头测定灰钙土和棕红土两种退化草地坡面表层0—10 cm的土壤含水量,采用数据对比分析和统计分析相结合的方法,分析降雨、气温、坡位等自然因素和灌溉、土壤管理因素对坡面表层土壤水分动态变化的影响。[结果]降雨和气温对表层土壤含水量的变化有显著性影响,不同降雨量对表层土壤含水量的影响不同;坡位对草地坡面表层土壤含水量没有显著性影响;棕红土持水性强,表层土壤含水量高于灰钙土;各管理措施中,水平沟处理能够在降雨后最大化的增大表层土壤含水量,枯草覆盖处理能显著减缓降雨后表层土壤含水量的下降速率。不同集雨补灌方式下,表层土壤含水量差异不明显,但集雨补灌措施可以在短时内提高表层土壤含水量。[结论]表层土壤水分主要受降雨、管理等因素的控制,能够通过人为管理调控土壤水分,从而达到植被恢复的目的。     

堆渣边坡生态棒护坡措施的水土保持效益

[目的]探究堆渣边坡生态棒防护措施的综合防护效果,为露天采石场裸露边坡的生态修复提供依据。[方法]利用人工降雨模拟试验,收集不同降雨强度下地表层和矿渣层的产流量、产沙量,并建立综合贡献度模型。[结果]随着坡度的增加地表层的径流总量和泥沙总量呈递增趋势,而矿渣层的径流总量和泥沙总量呈递减趋势,与径流总量相比泥沙总量变化趋势不明显;对照组与生态棒防护措施下,地表层的产流—产沙相关性均高于矿渣层;当降雨强度为30和120mm/h时,生态棒防护边坡在坡度为15°时具有较佳的防护效果,当降雨强度为60mm/h时,径流量和泥沙量受坡度变化的影响不显著。[结论]生态棒防护措施具有拦蓄坡面径流和泥沙的功能,与对照组相比可以更有效地防治坡面水土流失。     

模拟降雨条件下重构阻水层对坡面风化煤矸石产流产沙的影响

[目的] 为缓解水分因子对高寒矿区扰动土体无法形成冻土带来的不利影响,研究提出扰动土体下方添加高阻水性材料亲水性聚氨酯(W-OH)重构底部阻水层(近似无缝隙的不透水层)的设计方案,分析重构阻水层后高寒矿区风化煤矸石坡面入渗、产流和产沙的变化特征,为高寒矿区扰动坡面冻土重现以及重构阻水层的坡面水土流失防治提供理论支撑。 [方法] 通过人工模拟降雨试验,研究在60和90 mm/h降雨雨强条件下,重构阻水层(添加W-OH浓度0%,1.5%,2.5%,3.5%,4.5%)后不同坡度条件的(3种坡度5°,15°,25°)的风化煤矸石坡面入渗特性和水土流失变化规律。 [结果] ①重构阻水层后的煤矸石坡面稳定入渗率较自然坡面明显降低,且与W-OH添加浓度呈负相关关系; ②煤矸石坡面产流率随时间变化呈现先快速上升后逐渐平稳的变化趋势,平均产流率与W-OH添加浓度呈现正相关关系,添加浓度为1.5%,2.5%,3.5%,4.5% W-OH的煤矸石坡面平均产流率较自然状态增加26.75%,38.02%,46.90%,63.23%; ③坡面平均流速与降雨雨强、W-OH添加浓度和坡度均呈正相关关系,影响程度表现为：降雨雨强＞坡度＞W-OH添加浓度。 ④坡面产沙率随时间变化曲线多为“单峰”曲线,呈现先迅速上升随后缓慢下降最终趋于稳定的变化趋势,添加浓度为1.5%,2.5%,3.5%,4.5% W-OH的煤矸石坡面平均产沙率较自然状态增加26.98%,49.48%,71.64%,94.01%。 [结论] 重构阻水层对坡面风化煤矸石渗透性能降低明显,能有效帮助高寒矿区扰动坡面的冻土恢复和形成,但入渗率的降低使坡面更容易产生径流,增加了地表的产流产沙,可配置一定的水土保持措施。     

临沂市开发建设项目扬尘污染防治技术探讨

随着我国经济社会的不断发展和城镇化的持续推进,扬尘污染已成为大气污染的主要形式之一。分析了扬尘污染的主要危害,并简单介绍了开发建设项目扬尘的来源。以临沂市为例,分析了开发建设项目存在的"重水力侵蚀,轻风力侵蚀"问题,并指出在编制项目水土保持方案时,要根据"因地制宜,因害设防"的原则,在搞好水力侵蚀防治的同时,开展风力侵蚀防治;尽量减少工程区内的裸露地表面积,缩短大风季节裸露时间,加强临时覆盖和拦挡措施;在施工中后期增加植物措施,加强对临时堆土坡面和非硬化的可蚀性地表进行风蚀监测;优化水土保持措施配置,分层次、分区域完善开发建设项目水土保持综合防护体系,以控制因开发建设而造成的扬尘污染。     

基于GIS的中国PM2.5浓度的空间分布及影响因素分析

[目的]研究中国PM2.5的空间分布特征及其影响因素,为区域可持续发展提供科学依据。[方法]利用2014年2月25日上午9时和3月23日9时来自国家环保部的PM2.5时均浓度值,以GIS为平台利用双三次B样条方法,以中国陆疆国界为内插区域,模拟两个时相PM2.5浓度的空间分布,并在此基础上对比分析了中国和美国PM2.5浓度标准的差异,进一步分析荒漠化、降水、风速和经济增长水平对PM2.5浓度空间分异的影响。[结果]模拟结果表明,京、津为中心的华北地区是中国PM2.5污染严重的区域,珠三角是另一个污染较严重的区域,西藏、新疆和贵州等西部省区是中国PM2.5浓度较低,空气质量较好的区域。[结论]我国各地区PM2.5浓度与区域经济发展水平表现出显著的相关性。     

秸秆覆盖对农田土壤风蚀及细颗粒物释放的影响

为了确定保护性耕作措施对北京周边农田土壤风蚀及颗粒物释放的影响,通过风洞模拟试验,对比不同风速和不同覆盖度下农田土壤风蚀速率及TSP、PM_(10)、PM_(2.5)、PM_1的释放差异,并分析了4种细颗粒物在风蚀物中的占比。结果表明:(1)当风速12 m/s时,秸秆覆盖度达到20%能显著降低风蚀速率,当风速16 m/s时,秸秆覆盖度需达到40%才能达到理想的防风蚀效果。(2)TSP、PM_(10)、PM_(2.5)、PM_1 4种细颗粒物的释放量与风速呈正指数函数关系,与覆盖度呈负指数函数关系;随风速的增加,4种细颗粒物的释放能力为AB1B2B3B4B5,当覆盖度10%或60%时,细颗粒物的释放量随风速增大差异逐渐减小;覆盖度达60%以上时,细颗粒物的释放量基本达到稳定值。(3)TSP、PM_(10)、PM_(2.5)、PM_1 4种细颗粒物在风蚀物中的占比随风速的增加而降低,当覆盖度60%时占比接近稳定。     

FIELD OBSERVATIONS OF WINDBLOWN SAND AND DUST IN THE TAKIMAKAN DESERT,NW CHINA,AND INSIGHTS INTO MODERN DUST SOURCES

Despite the importance of desert dust at global and regional scales, its exact provenance is often unclear. The Taklimakan Desert in northwest China is a common source of high‐frequency regional dust storms and is also a large source of global dust production. On the basis of field observations and the determination of the fraction of aeolian dust in surface samples, we characterized the relative intensity of windblown sand/dust processes in the Taklimakan and the volume of dust emitted (PM₁₀) during these processes. Major dust sources were degraded lands on the eastern desert margin, the Gobi and alluvial, fluvial and aeolian sediments occurring on the desert margin. These areas have high PM₁₀ emission capacity due to high‐surface PM₁₀ concentrations and intensive windblown sand/dust activity. Despite having intensive windblown sand activity, the central desert had lower PM₁₀ dust emission capacity (<1·6 kg day⁻¹ m⁻² in spring, <0·08 kg day⁻¹ m⁻² in other seasons) due to lower surface PM₁₀ fraction. The dry Taitema Lake bed was a source of potentially high dust emissions (at least 4·4–17 kg day⁻¹ m⁻² for the monitoring period) due to the intensity windblown sand/dust activities, despite low PM₁₀ concentrations. The dry river beds on the southeastern desert margin had lower dust emission potential due to low PM₁₀ concentrations and windblown sand/dust activity. Most dust emission sources lie in the paths of prevailing winds, leading to aeolian dust transported to and deposited in the desert hinterland or Hotan, Yutian and Minfeng areas, where wind stream convergence leads to high‐frequency dust storms. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

辽宁西北部主要绿化树种对空气颗粒物滞留能力研究

采用洗脱法测定了辽西北地区阜新市15种常见绿化树种单位叶面积滞留粗颗粒物(TSP)及细颗粒物(PM_(2.5))的质量,分析比较了15种树种叶片去除TSP和PM_(2.5)能力以及随着空间变化的规律。结果表明:(1)不同树种单位叶面积TSP和PM_(2.5)滞留量均存在显著差异,变化范围分别为3.68~5.94g/m~2和0.47~0.92g/m~2,树种间滞留能力的差值可达2倍左右。(2)在同一个功能区不同树种滞留TSP和PM_(2.5)的差异由树冠高度(绿篱灌木乔木)和叶表面粗糙度(叶表面沟槽宽度的不同可能是沟槽宽度过宽和过窄均不利于叶片捕集颗粒物,且颗粒物滞留量随沟槽深度增加而增大)以及叶片比叶重(比叶重大的滞尘量大)等所引起。(3)在不同功能区同一树种单位叶面积滞留TSP量的排序为工业区商业交通区露天矿区清洁区,而PM_(2.5)滞留量则无明显差异。乔木中新疆杨、灌木中紫丁香的单位叶面积滞留量与单株滞留量都较高,起到明显的降尘作用,是沙尘频发的辽西北地区城市绿化树种的优先之选。     

古尔班通古特沙漠南缘梭梭固沙林土壤粒度的分异规律

[目的]分析梭梭林地的防风固沙效果,为当地的沙漠化防治提供基本的资料,为生态建设提供可靠的依据。[方法]以古尔班通古特沙漠南缘莫索湾地区的梭梭(Haloxylon ammodendron)林地为研究区,按照距离沙源远近,分别选取了4种典型的梭梭样地,进行土壤样品采集,分析其粒径分布特征。[结果]位于沙源处的梭梭林由于沙尘来自古尔班通古特沙漠,沙源均一性以及分选性良好。土壤粒径主要受植被盖度的影响,使得沙地表层细粒成分增加;在一定的植被覆盖下,随着沙源距离的增大,表层土壤平均粒径依次减小,主要是因为植被拦截沙尘物质,使得表层土壤粒径产生差异;表层土壤平均粒径相对于下层呈增大趋势,且距离沙源越近变化幅度越大,但是土壤粒径峰度、偏度差异不大。[结论]表层土壤粒度特征存在差异反映了各梭梭林在不同的植被覆盖下风沙活动强度对其的影响,自然植被带与人工梭梭林能够有效拦截和固定大量的风蚀物质,但由于自然植被生长状况不如人工林,在植被大量衰退和强风蚀作用下对风沙的拦截作用较弱,因此,在自然植被带外围人工造林对当地风沙的阻挡作用起到至关重要的作用。     

Atmospheric Emission Inventory for Natural and Anthropogenic Sources and Spatial Emission Mapping for the Greater Athens Area

A spatially, temporally and chemically resolved emission inventory for particulate matter and gaseous species from anthropogenic and natural sources was created for the Greater Athens Area (GAA; base year, 2007). Anthropogenic sources considered in this study include combustion (industrial, non-industrial, commercial and residential), industrial production, transportation, agriculture, waste treatment and solvent use. The annual gaseous pollutants (????x, SOx, non-methane volatile organic compounds (NMVOCs), CO and ????₃) and particulate matter (PM_2.5 and PM_2.5?C10) emissions were derived from the UNECE/EMEP database for most source sectors (SNAP 1?C9; 50?×?50 km²) and their spatial resolution was increased using surrogate spatial datasets (land cover, population density, location and emissions of large point sources, emission weighting factors for the GAA; 1?×?1 km²). The emissions were then temporally disaggregated in order to provide hourly emissions for atmospheric pollution modelling using monthly, daily and hourly disintegration coefficients, and additionally the chemical speciation of size-segregated particles and NMVOCs emissions was performed. Emissions from agriculture (SNAP 10) and natural emissions of particulate matter from the soil (by wind erosion) and the sea surface and of biogenic gaseous pollutants from vegetation were also estimated. During 2007 the anthropogenic emissions of CO, SOx, NOx, NMVOCs, NH₃, PM_2.5 and PM_2.5?C10 from the GAA were 151,150, 57,086, 68,008, 38,270, 2,219, 9,026 and 3,896 Mg, respectively. It was found that road transport was the major source for CO (73.3%), NMVOCs (31.6%) and NOx (35.3%) emissions in the area. Another important source for NOx emissions was other mobile sources and machinery (23.1%). Combustion for energy production and transformation industries was the major source for SOx (38.5%), industrial combustion for anthropogenic PM_2.5?C10 emissions (59.5%), whereas non-industrial combustion was the major source of PM_2.5 emissions (49.6%). Agriculture was the primary NH₃ source in the area (72.1%). Natural vegetation was found to be an important source of VOCs in the area which accounted for approximately the 5% of total VOCs emitted from GAA on a typical winter day. The contribution of sea-salt particles to the emissions of PM_2.5 was rather small, whereas the emissions of resuspended dust particles exceeded by far the emissions of PM_2.5 and PM_2.5?C10 from all anthropogenic sources.     

不同盖度羊草地对水土流失的影响

[目的]研究羊草盖度与产流产沙量和风蚀量关系,为羊草种植区水土流失防治提供依据。[方法]通过人工模拟降雨试验和风洞模拟试验,研究5种盖度下羊草地的产沙产流特性和抗风蚀特性,对不同盖度羊草地的水土保持效应进行探讨。[结果]坡度相同时,随羊草盖度的增加产流时间逐渐延后;随着盖度的增加,累积径流量的减少率小于累积产沙量的减少率。当羊草盖度由20%增加到100%时,风蚀量减少96.78%;当羊草盖度从60%增加到80%时,风蚀量的减少率明显大于其他相邻盖度风蚀量的减少率。0~23cm高度内收集到的风蚀物占整体风蚀量的70%以上。[结论]羊草地的产流和产沙特征与盖度有密切关系,随着羊草盖度的逐渐增加,产流量和产沙量逐渐减小;羊草地的风蚀速率与盖度呈负相关关系,与风速呈正相关关系。     

黄土丘陵区典型沟道侵蚀诱发的CO2通量估算

以黄土丘陵区典型侵蚀沟道为对象,基于沟道剖面有机碳和¹³⁷Cs数据,采用碳库重分布模型估算了典型沟道侵蚀诱发的CO₂通量,并通过检验模型预测效率、解析影响因子,提出了模型校正的思路。结果表明:(1)在长期侵蚀作用下,沟道侵蚀区和沉积区均表现为剧烈的侵蚀效应,侵蚀区侵蚀速率介于30.99~46.44 mm/a,沉积区侵蚀速率介于34.20~37.88 mm/a,沉积区土壤流失速率略小于侵蚀区;(2)碳库重分布模型估算显示,侵蚀区与沉积区均表现为较强烈的碳源效应,侵蚀区CO₂通量介于18.41~28.44 g/(m²·a),沉积区CO₂通量介于22.19~29.25 g/(m²·a);(3)侵蚀部位、土壤容重、有机碳含量、侵蚀量、沟道平均坡度、植被地上部与地下部生物量共同解释了碳库重分布模型预测效率的变异特征(R²=0.68),其中侵蚀部位、侵蚀量、有机碳含量、土壤容重、植被地下部对预测效率有强驱动效应;(4)引入被忽略的植被新输入有机碳库参数,有望校正碳库重分布模型,提升模型预测效率。该研究结果明确了碳库重分布模型在沟道侵蚀区相比沉积区有更高的CO₂通量预测效率,为进一步提高模型的预测精度,可以考虑引入植被输入有机碳库作为校正参数。     

Dust storm erosion and its impact on soil carbon and nitrogen losses in northern China

There is increased awareness of the environmental impacts of soil carbon (C) and nitrogen (N) losses through wind erosion, especially in areas heavily affected by dust storm erosion. This paper reviews the recent literature concerning dust storm-related soil erosion and its impact on soil C and N losses in northern China. The purpose of our study is to provide an overview of the area of erosion-affected soils and to estimate the magnitude of soil C and N losses from farmland affected by dust storm erosion.According to the second national soil erosion remote-sensing survey in 2000, the area affected by wind erosion was 1.91 million km², accounting for 20% of the total land area in China. This area is expanding quickly as the incidence of heavy dust storms has greatly increased over the last five decades, mainly as a result of the intensification of soil cultivation. The economic and ecological damage caused by wind erosion is considerable. Heavily affected areas show a loss of nutrients and organic carbon in soils and the heavily degraded soils are much less productive. Compared with the non-degraded soil, the C and N contents in degraded soils have declined by 66% and 73%, respectively. The estimated annual losses per cm toplayer of soil C and N by dust storm erosion in northern China range from 53 to 1044 kg ha^− 1 and 5 to 90 kg ha^− 1, respectively. Field studies suggest that soil losses by wind erosion can be reduced by up to 79% when farmers shift from conventional soil tillage methods to no-till. Thus shifting to no-till or reduced tillage systems is an effective practice for protecting soil and soil nutrients. Our study indicates that soil conservation measures along with improved soil fertility management measures should be promoted in dry-land farming areas of northern China. As erosion is a major mechanism of nutrient withdrawal in these areas, we plead for the development of accurate methods for its assessment and for the incorporation of erosion, as a nutrient output term, in nutrient budget studies.     

Evaluation of cement kiln flue dust as a potassium and sulfate fertilizer

Abstract

The main objective of this study was to determine the efficacy of cement kiln flue dust as a substitute for potassium sulfate fertilizer. Chemical and X‐ray diffraction analyses revealed that the flue dust contained about 20.7% K of which 9.1% was present as aphthitalite (K₃Na(SO₄)₂) , 4.4% as sylvite (KCl) and the remaining 7.2% as arcanite (K₂SO₄) . Accordingly, about 80% of the potassium in the dust was present as sulfates, though it contained 30% total sulfate and 15% Ca.

The effects of flue dust were compared to some or all of the following fertilizers: KCl, K₂SO₄ and a synthetic fertilizer, on 11 soils ranging in texture from sand to clay in three greenhouse experiments. The synthetic fertilizer was made from K₂SO₄ and CaSO₄.2H₂O which were applied at the same rate of K and Ca as contained in the flue dust. The experimental results show that flue dust is as effective a K source as any of the fertilizers tested as it increased potato, barley and alfalfa yields and tissue and soil K concentrations to the same level. Furthermore, the flue dust increased the tissue sulfur concentration and the quantities of available sulfate in soils to the same level as potassium sulfate. Finally, the Ca contained in flue dust increased the concentration of this element in potato tops and soils when grown on eight coarse textured soils. The flue dust had, however, no effect on soil pH on any of the soils tested.