热解挥发物分级冷凝初分生物油研究

设计了一种恒温分级冷凝装置,应用该装置对油茶果壳在500℃时的热解挥发物进行了分级冷凝试验,获得了165℃以上、165~120℃、120℃以下3个冷凝温度段下的分级生物油产物;分析了各组产物的热值、p H值、运动粘度后发现:前2级生物油产物的含水率得到了有效降低,高位热值均大于23 MJ/kg,比常规方法所获生物油的热值增加约44%,但运动粘度较大;随着冷凝温度的降低,各组生物油运动粘度显著下降,p H值略有提升;通过热分析曲线并结合综合燃烧特性指数分析了生物油的燃烧特性,发现利用分级冷凝所获得的初分生物油在燃烧特性上出现了比较明显的区别,其中第2级生物油在各组样品中的燃烧性能最好。试验结果表明,所设计的分级冷凝装置基本实现了热解挥发物的在线初级分离,各级产物的特性有比较明显的区别,为生物油分级冷凝装置的设计提供了参考,为分级生物油的进一步应用奠定了基础。     

油茶果壳连续热解挥发物多级冷凝生物油燃烧特性

通过自主设计多级冷凝器对油茶果壳在500℃热解挥发物冷凝获得的生物油进行燃烧特性实验研究,实现了在冷凝过程中对生物油的粗分离,各级生物油的含水率得到了明显的降低,且热值显著提高。通过热重实验对生物油进行燃烧过程和燃烧特性分析可知:生物油的燃烧共分为4个阶段:第1阶段为生物油水分和低沸点组分的蒸发;第2阶段为中质组分的蒸发;第3阶段为重质组分的裂解反应,生成焦炭和气体;第4阶段为焦炭剧烈燃烧。第1级和第3级收集到的生物油可燃性能、燃尽性能和综合燃烧性能比较好,第2级生物油的3个性能最差。     

喷淋冷凝温度对生物油理化性质的影响研究

在1 kg/h的流化床热解反应器上进行松木和玉米芯的热解试验,采用喷淋冷凝的方式获得不同性质的生物油,重点考察冷凝温度对生物油理化性质的影响。试验结果表明当冷凝温度从25℃提高到75℃,松木和玉米芯热解产生的生物油收集率分别降低了23.1%和20.8%,含水率分别降低了11%和18%,而粘度分别提高了181 cSt和10 cSt,热值分别提高了6.23 MJ/kg和5.04 MJ/kg;气相色谱质谱联用分析(气质联用)表明随着冷凝温度的提高,松木热解产生的生物油中脱水糖含量大幅提高,大部分轻质组分含量降低,而玉米芯热解产生的生物油中脱水糖和酚类物质含量都有所提高,有机酸和醛酮类化合物含量降低;核磁共振碳谱分析发现提高冷凝温度后生物油中的烷基碳含量降低,而芳香碳含量提高,芳香度增大。     

生物质热裂解技术的实验研究

以木为原料,利用从荷兰引进的旋转锥反应器闪速热裂解装置进行了热裂解试验。对热裂解产物的组成及反应的物质平衡进行了分析。结果表明：木热裂解产物由生物油,不可冷凝气体和木炭组成。其中,生物油成分复杂,低热值为１６５９５ｋＪ／ｋｇ;不可冷凝气体主要由ＣＯ,ＣＨ４,ＣＯ２,Ｈ２和Ｈ２Ｏ蒸汽组成。     

转轮除湿干燥系统设计与试验

为了实现农产品优质节能干燥,针对转轮除湿再生能耗高等问题,进行了转轮除湿系统优化设计,设计了中低温可切换一体干燥机,构建分级冷凝再生模式,进行分级再生与香菇除湿干燥试验分析,研究优化干燥工艺,确定整机除湿能耗等作业参数。为了检验并提高分级冷凝作业性能,以再生加热温度、再生冷凝热量及干燥冷凝热量为指标,运用Box-Benhnken中心组合试验设计理论,对蒸发进风温度、再生进风温度、风阀开度3个影响分级再生性能的因素进行响应面试验。通过数据分析,建立了分级冷凝再生模型,结合等值线图分析了上述3个试验因素对指标的影响规律,同时对各影响因素进行了综合优化与试验验证。结果表明,3个回归模型均高度显著,RSq均大于99%,模型可靠性高;在室温条件下,提高蒸发温度与再生进风温度有利于提升分级冷凝再生效果;与纯电加热再生相比,分级冷凝再生可降低能耗29.6%。香菇转轮除湿干燥试验表明,在相同干燥温度下,采用转轮除湿干燥比热泵干燥后的香菇品相好,干燥速率提升2倍以上,能耗高5.9%。     

柴油机油的使用

我国按国际通用的SAE粘度分级规定,将柴油机油分为20、30、40、50和15W/30、15W/40等牌号。 根据API的质量分级,柴油机油又分为CC级20、CD级20、CC级30、CD级30、CC级40、CD级40、CC级15W/40、CD级15W/40及CC级15W/30等品种机油。CC级20和CD级20柴     

木屑热解挥发物冷凝特性研究

在自行设计的生物质热解挥发物两级冷凝特性参数测试系统上,进行了木屑在450、550、650℃下热解挥发物冷凝特性研究,其中,一级冷凝采用空气作为冷凝介质,二级冷凝采用水作为冷凝介质,计算了表面局部冷凝换热系数,以及冷凝液膜热阻和厚度。结果表明:一级冷凝换热系数随着温度的升高而减小,在热解温度为450℃时达到最大值671.02 W/(m2·K);二级换热系数随着温度的升高先增大后减小,在热解温度为550℃时达到最大值1.484×105W/(m2·K)。基于冷凝器内壁一维稳态冷凝换热特性,分析了冷凝液膜形成过程,存在3个阶段:液膜形成、液膜积累、液膜流动。在液膜形成和积累阶段,液膜厚度逐渐增大,热阻变大;液膜厚度达到一定程度后,冷凝液产生流动,在液膜流动初期,液膜厚度逐渐减小,热阻变小;在稳定流动期,热阻基本保持稳定。     

新型下降管生物质热裂解液化装置的试验研究

采用新型下降管热裂解液化反应器,利用玉米秸秆粉进行(快速)热裂解试验,对物料及热载体的理化性质进行了分析。考察反应装置的整体运行情况,在固体热载体与生物质颗粒的质量比为20:1的情况下,固体热载体预热温度达到575℃时,截取了连续150min内V型下降管内的温度变化,对喷淋装置内生物油的温度进行了实时采集。实验结果得到了475、525、575℃不同温度下的生物油收集率,并对热裂解产物包括生物油的理化特性、炭粉粒径分布和不可冷凝气体的成分进行分析。     

秸秆生物质旋转床反应器热解载气试验

为研究旋转床反应器在不同载气条件下的秸秆生物质热解影响,在无载气、以尾气作为载气、以N2作为载气的情况下,进行了秸秆生物质在旋转床反应器中的热解反应。分别收集了生物炭、生物油以及合成气,进行了产量测算;对生物炭进行了热值与元素分析,对生物油进行了热值、含水率和元素分析;分析了合成〖JP2〗气有机物组成与含量。结果表明：通尾气能够减少生物炭产率,增加生物油产率,并且生物炭的热值、含碳量较高,分别为22.99MJ/kg、51.24%;生物油的含水率降低30.45%、有机物质量分数升高11.11%,但是生物油的热值下降,合成气中轻质有机物质量分数最高,为67.04%;尾气能够更加快速带走热解气或者参与热解的二次反应,生物质反应最充分,能够增加H的活性,减少水含量,但是无法去除氧元素,氧元素保留在生物油中;通N2能够减少生物炭产率,增加生物油产率,并且生物炭的热值较高,为22.28MJ/kg,含碳量较高,为55.86%,生物油的含水率和有机物含量变化不大,但是生物油的热值升高到12.25MJ/kg;合成气中轻质有机物质量分数最小,为64.07%;通N2能够减少热解二次反应的发生,热解气能够快速离开反应器。     

茶叶籽油甲酯化制备生物柴油的反应动力学研究

在醇油摩尔比为9∶1、催化剂氢氧化钾用量占油重1.0%的条件下,研究了60℃和70℃下茶叶籽油甲酯化制备生物柴油的反应动力学,采用Origin软件拟合曲线方程,建立了茶叶籽油甲酯化反应的宏观动力学模型。研究结果表明:茶叶籽油甲酯化反应为1.3级反应,活化能为29.22KJ·mol-1·K-1,频率因子为2.5×104mol·L-1·min-1。      

Overland water and salt flows in a set of rice paddies

Cultivation of paddy rice in semiarid areas of the world faces problems related to water scarcity. This paper aims at characterizing water use in a set of paddies located in the central Ebro basin of Spain using experimentation and computer simulation. A commercial field with six interconnected paddies, with a total area of 5.31 ha, was instrumented to measure discharge and water quality at the inflow and at the runoff outlet. The soil was classified as a Typic Calcixerept, and was characterized by a mild salinity (2.5 dS m⁻¹) and an infiltration rate of 5.8 mm day⁻¹. The evolution of flow depth at all paddies was recorded. Data from the 2002 rice-growing season was elaborated using a mass balance approach to estimate the infiltration rate and the evolution of discharge between paddies. Seasonal crop evapotranspiration, estimated with the surface renewal method, was 731 mm (5.1 mm day⁻¹), very similar to that of other summer cereals grown in the area, like corn. The irrigation input was 1874 mm, deep percolation was 830 mm and surface runoff was 372 mm. Irrigation efficiency was estimated as 41%. The quality of surface runoff water was slightly degraded due to evapoconcentration and to the contact with the soil. During the period 2001–2003, the electrical conductivity of surface runoff water was 54% higher than that of irrigation water. However, the runoff water was suitable for irrigation. A mechanistic mass balance model of inter-paddy water flow permitted to conclude that improvements in irrigation efficiency cannot be easily obtained in the experimental conditions. Since deep percolation losses more than double surface runoff losses, a reduction in irrigation discharge would not have much room for efficiency improvement. Simulations also showed that rice irrigation performance was not negatively affected by the fluctuating inflow hydrograph. These hydrographs are typical of turnouts located at the tail end of tertiary irrigation ditches. In fact, these are the sites where rice has been historically cultivated in the study area, since local soils are often saline-sodic and can only grow paddy rice taking advantage of the low salinity of the irrigation water. The low infiltration rate characteristic of these saline-sodic soils (an experimental value of 3.2 mm day⁻¹ was obtained) combined with a reduced irrigation discharge resulted in a simulated irrigation efficiency of 60%. Paddy rice irrigation efficiency can attain reasonable values in the local saline-sodic soils, where the infiltration rate is clearly smaller than the average daily rice evapotranspiration.     

瓦房店市水果生产标准化发展研究

瓦房店市是我国重要的水果生产基地,在国内水果生产领域占有重要地位。随着水果市场化的不断深入,如何满足和适应国内外市场需求成为瓦房店市水果生产的关键问题。从瓦房店市水果生产实际出发,阐述了实施水果生产标准化的必要性,提出了发展水果生产标准化的具体措施。     

金谷子耐旱TG118引种试种及推广应用

对引进的谷子新品种金谷子耐旱TG118进行品种比较试验和多点试种。结果表明：该品种抗旱、耐瘠、适应性强,稳产、高产、抗病抗风抗倒伏强,品质优良,粮草兼用,种植简单,省工易管;一般产量在6000kg/hm2以上,比当地主栽品种增产20%以上。最高产量达9450kg/hm2,适于在辽西北地区推广应用。     

对《种子法》存在问题的探讨

《种子法》是我国种植业第一部法律。自实施以来,为依法加强种子管理提供了有力的法律支撑,促进我国种子产业发生翻天覆地的变化。但随着依法管理工作的深入和种子产业的快速发展,《种子法》及配套规章的一些问题逐步显现出来。对《种子法》及配套规章存在的问题进行深入分析,对需要进一步补充的章节以及需要调整的内容进行深入探讨,以求更加完善和明确。     

Review of the Egyptian experience in implementing land drainage projects

About 30 years have passed since the Government of Egypt embarked on implementing a series of large scale drainage projects. At present, about 3.8 million acres have been provided with drainage systems on the basis of systematic pre-drainage investigations and designs. The target is to provide drains in approximately 6.4 million acres in the Nile Valley and Delta.The implementation of the subsurface drainage system is carried out by the public sector and private contractors under direct supervision of governmental regional departments. The implementation process depends on many factors related to the drainage material, machinery, manpower, site requirements, farmers and organizations involved. Problems and constraints are sometimes challenging, however, the annual rate of implementation has gradually increased to 170,000 acre/year.This paper discusses the different aspects involved in the implementation process of drainage systems. The development in materials, machinery and construction technologies will be reviewed. Institutional and management factors are going to be also considered.     

和谐社会理论建设的几点哲学思考

在新世纪,面对机遇和挑战,党的十六大把“社会更加和谐”作为全面建设更高水平的小康社会的一个重要目标。中国人素有社会和谐的理想;西方人自古也向往社会和谐;借鉴东西方两种和谐社会思想的经验、教训,构建社会主义和谐社会理论。     

A European irrigation map for spatially distributed agricultural modelling

We present a pan-European irrigation map based on regional European statistics, a European land use map and a global irrigation map. The map provides spatial information on the distribution of irrigated areas per crop type which allows determining irrigated areas at the level of spatial modelling units. The map is a requirement for a European scale assessment of the impacts of irrigated agriculture on water resources based on spatially distributed modelling of crop growth and water balance. The irrigation map was compiled in a two step procedure. First, irrigated areas were distributed to potentially irrigated crops at a regional level (European statistical regions NUTS3), combining Farm Structure Survey (FSS) data on irrigated area, crop-specific irrigated area for crops whenever available, and total crop area. Second, crop-specific irrigated area was distributed within each statistical region based on the crop distribution given in our land use map. A global map of irrigated areas with a 5′ resolution was used to further constrain the distribution within each NUTS3 based on the density of irrigated areas. The constrained distribution of irrigated areas as taken from statistics to a high resolution dataset enables us to estimate irrigated areas for various spatial entities, including administrative, natural and artificial units, providing a reasonable input scenario for large-scale distributed modelling applications. The dataset bridges a gap between global datasets and detailed regional data on the distribution of irrigated areas and provides information for various assessments and modelling applications.     

粉质仪和拉伸仪在面粉生产中的应用

在介绍粉质仪和拉伸仪结构和原理的基础上,探讨了粉质曲线中吸水率、形成时间、稳定时间、弱化度和评价值等指标与面粉品质的关系,以及如何根据拉伸曲线中面团最大拉伸阻力、延伸度和拉伸曲线面积等指标来评价面团品质,并结合生产实际,概述了粉质仪和拉伸仪在面粉生产中的作用。     

农村信息化服务的现状及建设措施

分析当前我国农村信息化服务的现状,提出加强农村信息化服务的新举措。     

车辆ABS控制算法的研究及探讨

对现代汽车的ABS控制算法作了一些简单的介绍,同时指出了它们的一些缺陷,相应地提出了几种对ABS的其它控制方法并加以探讨,其中着重论述了ABS门限值控制算法中参考车速的确定方法和基于附着系数的控制算法。