生物质炭基缓释肥的成型特性研究

为了提高化肥的利用率,改良土壤理化特性,以500℃温度下制备的稻壳炭为基质、改性玉米淀粉为粘结剂、尿素为肥料,在挤出造粒机上制造出球形生物质炭基缓释肥。同时,研究了其成型特性,并分析了抗压强度、成型率、干燥特性和N损失情况。结果表明:采用挤出式造粒法可增强抗压强度和成型率。当烘干温度为60~100℃、炭肥比≤1:1时,颗粒肥料的抗压强度40 N;炭肥比≥1:1时,成型率95%,各组肥料在烘干90 min左右基本达到质量平衡,低炭氮比肥料的干燥时间较长。当炭肥比≥1:1时,温度越高,烘干所需时间越短;而当炭肥比≤1:2时,温度越高,烘干所需时间反而增长;炭氮比较低时,由于尿素含量高,易吸收空气中的水分,吸附于造粒机工作表面,会造成成型肥料一定的N损失。上述结论为利用生物质炭制备缓释肥料的成型工艺提供了参考依据。     

淀粉胶生物质炭基氮肥制备及其缓释特性分析

以生物质炭为载体,与自制改性淀粉胶黏剂、尿素进行复合,利用万能力学试验机和自制成型模具制备颗粒缓释肥料,研究水分添加量、成型压力、炭肥比及胶黏剂添加量4个因素对颗粒肥料抗压性能和缓释性能的影响。结果表明:对于纯炭粉成型,当水分含量为10%、成型温度为45℃、成型压力为6k N时,成型颗粒的抗压强度达到最大;尿素与炭粉混合后成型可以增加颗粒强度,当稻壳炭-尿素(即炭肥比)为5:1时,在同样成肥条件下,肥料颗粒的抗压强度最大;改性淀粉胶黏剂可进一步增加肥料颗粒强度,当胶黏剂添加量为5%时,肥料颗粒的抗压强度达到最大。不同配比条件下制备的缓释肥料,其氮素累积释放规律符合"S"型释放模型,添加胶黏剂制备的缓释肥的缓释性能明显优于传统的尿素肥料,以胶黏剂添加量为5%时缓释效果最佳。     

秸秆灰渣复混肥圆盘造粒工艺研究

利用秸秆发电产生的灰渣进行复混肥造粒研究,分析圆盘转速、圆盘倾斜角度、加水量、粒径大小对成粒率的影响。试验结果表明,随着圆盘转速的提高和圆盘倾角的增加,肥料成粒率逐渐提高;随着添加水量的提高,肥料成粒率呈现出先增加后减小的趋势;原材料粒径越小,肥料的成粒率越高。     

温度对生物质三组分热解制备生物炭理化特性的影响

以纤维素、木聚糖和木质素为研究对象,利用真空气氛炉热解制备生物炭,探究温度对生物质三组分热解制备生物炭理化特性的影响规律,为生物炭的性能调控和机理研究提供理论依据。结果表明:纤维素和木聚糖的热解温度范围主要集中在300~500℃,纤维素生物炭产率由35.38%下降至20.93%,木聚糖生物炭产率由46.28%下降至29.40%,木质素热解温度范围主要集中在300~600℃,木质素生物炭产率由81.22%下降至51.53%;热解温度对生物质三组分制备生物炭的C、H、O、N元素含量的影响规律基本相同,即C元素含量逐渐升高,H、O、N元素含量逐渐降低,C元素质量分数分别由69.42%、72.92%、54.75%升至96.39%、77.26%、67.97%;热解温度对生物质三组分制备生物炭的灰分、挥发分、固定碳和热值的影响规律基本相同,即挥发分逐渐降低,而灰分、固定碳和热值均逐渐升高,挥发分分别由50.67%、44.89%、39.99%降至7.63%、5.52%、14.41%,固定碳分别由47.95%、55.03%、35.41%升至90.18%、94.11%、53.70%,热值分别由25 652.58、26 681.81、21 173.29 k J/kg升至34 602.52、33 965.15、24 142.62 k J/kg;热解温度对木质素生物炭的比表面积和孔径分布影响明显,对纤维素和木聚糖生物炭的影响较小,500℃时纤维素和木聚糖达到最优的比表面积和微孔体积,600℃时木质素达到最优的比表面积和微孔体积;热解温度在500℃时,纤维素和木聚糖制备的生物炭达到最大的碘吸附值,纤维素生物炭碘吸附值为422.46 mg/g,木聚糖生物炭碘吸附值为115.06 mg/g,热解温度在600℃时,木质素制备的生物炭达到最大的碘吸附值,为460.35 mg/g。     

热解温度对生物质炭性质及其在土壤中矿化的影响

以苹果树修剪的枝条为原料,分别在300、400、500、600℃条件下热解制备生物质炭,在采用扫描电镜、红外光谱、物理化学吸附仪等手段研究其性质、结构差异的基础上,通过培养试验研究不同温度制备生物质炭的矿化特征及其对土壤有机碳组分的影响。结果表明,随着热解温度的升高,生物质炭的碳含量、比表面积及碱性官能团的含量增加,O、H及H/C、O/C和酸性官能团、总官能团的含量则降低,生物质炭的芳香族结构加强,稳定性升高。添加生物质炭可以增加土壤呼吸速率、微生物量碳(MBC)及可溶性有机碳(DOC)的含量,且随着添加比例的增加而增加,但随着热解温度的升高而降低。生物质炭的矿化率随着热解温度升高和添加比例增加而降低。利用双库模型揭示了生物质炭对土壤活性碳库、惰性碳库及其分解速率的影响。施用生物质炭后土壤有机碳的半衰期在24.09~44.76 a之间,且随生物质炭制备温度升高而增大。考虑到生物质炭制备过程中有机碳的损失,且从提升土壤有机碳含量方面考虑,500℃为制备苹果枝条生物质炭的最佳温度。     

施用生物质炭和猪场沼液对潮土团聚体及氮素形态影响研究

为揭示生物炭和猪场沼液节水、保肥的性能机理,以黄淮海平原高产农田定位试验为基础,研究了施用生物质炭和猪场沼液对潮土团聚体及氮库形态的影响。结果表明,生物炭和猪场沼液改善了土壤团聚体及密度状况,总孔隙度分别比对照提高了13.63%和6.14%。生物质炭处理下,土壤pH值、全氮及有机质均有所提高;沼液处理下pH值下降,而全氮和有机质显著增加。全氮和有机氮均与粒径5mm以上团聚体正相关,而矿质氮与粒径5mm以上团聚体负相关。     

玉米秸秆炭基肥制备及应用现状

我国玉米作物的种植面积大,玉米秸秆作为制备生物质炭的原料,储备非常丰富。生物质炭基肥制备技术是玉米秸秆的利用技术之一,在绿色农业发展中具有巨大的应用潜力。基于此,本文明确了生物质炭基肥的研究背景;阐述了玉米秸秆炭基肥的生产制备工艺研究现状;讨论了生物质炭基肥在土壤改良、治理重金属污染土壤、作物增产提质,农民增产增收、提高肥料利用率四方面对农作物及土地的增益性;对炭基肥的应用前景进行了展望。     

纳米SiO2—淀粉—PVA复合膜材料的制备及其在炭基肥中的应用

淀粉—聚乙烯醇(polyvinyl alcohol,PVA)作为缓释肥包膜材料具有价格低廉、环保等优点,但其高吸水性限制其应用,采用纳米二氧化硅(SiO₂)改性可提高其疏水性。首先探讨PVA浓度、交联剂用量、增塑剂用量对淀粉—PVA复合膜吸水率的影响,之后用纳米SiO₂对淀粉—PVA复合膜进行改性,探讨纳米SiO₂添加量对复合膜吸水率和力学性能的影响,并找出最优原料配比,最后将此复合膜液作为黏结剂,制备生物质炭基肥并进行土柱淋溶试验。试验结果表明:在150 mL蒸馏水中控制淀粉与PVA的添加质量之和为10 g,当淀粉与PVA的质量之比为2∶3、交联剂硼砂添加量为0.1 g、增塑剂甘油添加量为3 mL时,所制成复合膜的吸水率最低,为78%。添加纳米SiO₂后,各处理膜的吸水率随纳米SiO₂添加量的增加呈现先升高后降低的变化,当纳米SiO₂添加量为2.4 g时,与未添加的相比,复合膜的吸水率下降38.4%,水接触角提高89.5%,拉伸强度提高49.0%,此时制备的复合膜材料性能最佳。将纳米SiO₂—淀粉—PVA复合膜材料应用于生物质炭基肥的制备,制备出的炭基肥颗粒包覆完整,粒径主要分布在3.8~4.4 mm之间,在28 d时氮素累计释放率为65%,具有良好的缓释效果,为炭基肥的开发应用提供新途径。     

生物质热解挥发物原位贫氧调质试验研究

针对热解挥发物直接燃烧作为分布式热解制炭热源工艺,以消除生物质热解挥发物中炭颗粒、提高其品质,改善其燃烧性能为目的,利用自制生物质螺旋连续热解反应器和热解挥发物贫氧调质反应器,采用贫氧燃烧方式进行了热解挥发物原位调质试验研究,分析了调质温度、空气量对挥发物组分的影响。结果表明:生物质热解挥发物中携带炭颗粒粒径为1~2μm,在调质温度350℃和空气量20 m L/min条件下,已很难收集到炭颗粒,原位贫氧调质可以消除热解挥发物中炭颗粒;贫氧调质对气相产物组分含量影响不明显,主要组分H2、CO2的变化均在±5%范围内,CO、CH4变化在±2%范围内;随着贫氧调质温度升高和空气量加大,重质组分中的烷类物质含量显著降低,酚类物质显著增加,呋喃、醇、茚、醛等次要组分含量略有增加,低碳原子数物质含量增加,高碳原子数物质含量降低;轻质产物中烷类、酸类、酮类和酚类物质相对含量发生显著变化,酚类物质性质较稳定,实际含量变化不明显,调质后低碳原子数物质含量增加。原位贫氧调质可以消除热解挥发物中炭颗粒,降低热解挥发物中重质组分含量,从而改善热解挥发物的燃烧性能,为热解挥发物直接燃烧作为分布式热解制炭的热源提供科学依据。     

玉米生物质育苗成型机加热冷却装置的设计

为使物料中的木质素成分在生物质育苗盘制备过程中发挥粘结作用,以现有玉米生物质育苗盘冷压模具结构为基础,通过传热学及模具加热冷却领域的相关理论公式设计了加热冷却装置,基于有限元方法建立了育苗盘加热空间分布模型。试验结果表明:经加热冷却后压制的育苗盘成型率为80%,破坏荷载均值为150.569N,干燥后膨胀率均值为15.8%;加热压制后表面较常温压制表面更光滑,表面滴水角为61.325°;加热冷却装置使物料中的木质素在压制后发挥了粘结作用,增加了育苗盘的强度和疏水能力。     

Overland water and salt flows in a set of rice paddies

Cultivation of paddy rice in semiarid areas of the world faces problems related to water scarcity. This paper aims at characterizing water use in a set of paddies located in the central Ebro basin of Spain using experimentation and computer simulation. A commercial field with six interconnected paddies, with a total area of 5.31 ha, was instrumented to measure discharge and water quality at the inflow and at the runoff outlet. The soil was classified as a Typic Calcixerept, and was characterized by a mild salinity (2.5 dS m⁻¹) and an infiltration rate of 5.8 mm day⁻¹. The evolution of flow depth at all paddies was recorded. Data from the 2002 rice-growing season was elaborated using a mass balance approach to estimate the infiltration rate and the evolution of discharge between paddies. Seasonal crop evapotranspiration, estimated with the surface renewal method, was 731 mm (5.1 mm day⁻¹), very similar to that of other summer cereals grown in the area, like corn. The irrigation input was 1874 mm, deep percolation was 830 mm and surface runoff was 372 mm. Irrigation efficiency was estimated as 41%. The quality of surface runoff water was slightly degraded due to evapoconcentration and to the contact with the soil. During the period 2001–2003, the electrical conductivity of surface runoff water was 54% higher than that of irrigation water. However, the runoff water was suitable for irrigation. A mechanistic mass balance model of inter-paddy water flow permitted to conclude that improvements in irrigation efficiency cannot be easily obtained in the experimental conditions. Since deep percolation losses more than double surface runoff losses, a reduction in irrigation discharge would not have much room for efficiency improvement. Simulations also showed that rice irrigation performance was not negatively affected by the fluctuating inflow hydrograph. These hydrographs are typical of turnouts located at the tail end of tertiary irrigation ditches. In fact, these are the sites where rice has been historically cultivated in the study area, since local soils are often saline-sodic and can only grow paddy rice taking advantage of the low salinity of the irrigation water. The low infiltration rate characteristic of these saline-sodic soils (an experimental value of 3.2 mm day⁻¹ was obtained) combined with a reduced irrigation discharge resulted in a simulated irrigation efficiency of 60%. Paddy rice irrigation efficiency can attain reasonable values in the local saline-sodic soils, where the infiltration rate is clearly smaller than the average daily rice evapotranspiration.     

瓦房店市水果生产标准化发展研究

瓦房店市是我国重要的水果生产基地,在国内水果生产领域占有重要地位。随着水果市场化的不断深入,如何满足和适应国内外市场需求成为瓦房店市水果生产的关键问题。从瓦房店市水果生产实际出发,阐述了实施水果生产标准化的必要性,提出了发展水果生产标准化的具体措施。     

金谷子耐旱TG118引种试种及推广应用

对引进的谷子新品种金谷子耐旱TG118进行品种比较试验和多点试种。结果表明：该品种抗旱、耐瘠、适应性强,稳产、高产、抗病抗风抗倒伏强,品质优良,粮草兼用,种植简单,省工易管;一般产量在6000kg/hm2以上,比当地主栽品种增产20%以上。最高产量达9450kg/hm2,适于在辽西北地区推广应用。     

对《种子法》存在问题的探讨

《种子法》是我国种植业第一部法律。自实施以来,为依法加强种子管理提供了有力的法律支撑,促进我国种子产业发生翻天覆地的变化。但随着依法管理工作的深入和种子产业的快速发展,《种子法》及配套规章的一些问题逐步显现出来。对《种子法》及配套规章存在的问题进行深入分析,对需要进一步补充的章节以及需要调整的内容进行深入探讨,以求更加完善和明确。     

Review of the Egyptian experience in implementing land drainage projects

About 30 years have passed since the Government of Egypt embarked on implementing a series of large scale drainage projects. At present, about 3.8 million acres have been provided with drainage systems on the basis of systematic pre-drainage investigations and designs. The target is to provide drains in approximately 6.4 million acres in the Nile Valley and Delta.The implementation of the subsurface drainage system is carried out by the public sector and private contractors under direct supervision of governmental regional departments. The implementation process depends on many factors related to the drainage material, machinery, manpower, site requirements, farmers and organizations involved. Problems and constraints are sometimes challenging, however, the annual rate of implementation has gradually increased to 170,000 acre/year.This paper discusses the different aspects involved in the implementation process of drainage systems. The development in materials, machinery and construction technologies will be reviewed. Institutional and management factors are going to be also considered.     

和谐社会理论建设的几点哲学思考

在新世纪,面对机遇和挑战,党的十六大把“社会更加和谐”作为全面建设更高水平的小康社会的一个重要目标。中国人素有社会和谐的理想;西方人自古也向往社会和谐;借鉴东西方两种和谐社会思想的经验、教训,构建社会主义和谐社会理论。     

A European irrigation map for spatially distributed agricultural modelling

We present a pan-European irrigation map based on regional European statistics, a European land use map and a global irrigation map. The map provides spatial information on the distribution of irrigated areas per crop type which allows determining irrigated areas at the level of spatial modelling units. The map is a requirement for a European scale assessment of the impacts of irrigated agriculture on water resources based on spatially distributed modelling of crop growth and water balance. The irrigation map was compiled in a two step procedure. First, irrigated areas were distributed to potentially irrigated crops at a regional level (European statistical regions NUTS3), combining Farm Structure Survey (FSS) data on irrigated area, crop-specific irrigated area for crops whenever available, and total crop area. Second, crop-specific irrigated area was distributed within each statistical region based on the crop distribution given in our land use map. A global map of irrigated areas with a 5′ resolution was used to further constrain the distribution within each NUTS3 based on the density of irrigated areas. The constrained distribution of irrigated areas as taken from statistics to a high resolution dataset enables us to estimate irrigated areas for various spatial entities, including administrative, natural and artificial units, providing a reasonable input scenario for large-scale distributed modelling applications. The dataset bridges a gap between global datasets and detailed regional data on the distribution of irrigated areas and provides information for various assessments and modelling applications.     

粉质仪和拉伸仪在面粉生产中的应用

在介绍粉质仪和拉伸仪结构和原理的基础上,探讨了粉质曲线中吸水率、形成时间、稳定时间、弱化度和评价值等指标与面粉品质的关系,以及如何根据拉伸曲线中面团最大拉伸阻力、延伸度和拉伸曲线面积等指标来评价面团品质,并结合生产实际,概述了粉质仪和拉伸仪在面粉生产中的作用。     

农村信息化服务的现状及建设措施

分析当前我国农村信息化服务的现状,提出加强农村信息化服务的新举措。     

车辆ABS控制算法的研究及探讨

对现代汽车的ABS控制算法作了一些简单的介绍,同时指出了它们的一些缺陷,相应地提出了几种对ABS的其它控制方法并加以探讨,其中着重论述了ABS门限值控制算法中参考车速的确定方法和基于附着系数的控制算法。